SGPGI Nursing Officer flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Right to Education Article

Article 21A, inserted by the 86th Constitutional Amendment in 2002, guarantees free and compulsory education to children aged 6 to 14 years as a fundamental right.

Fundamental Duties

Listed in Article 51A and added by the 42nd Amendment in 1976 on the Swaran Singh Committee's recommendation. They are non-justiciable moral obligations of every citizen.

Money Bill Article

Article 110 defines a money bill, which may be introduced only in the Lok Sabha and only with the President's prior recommendation. The Rajya Sabha can only recommend changes within 14 days.

Directive Principles Nature

Articles 36 to 51 contain Directive Principles of State Policy. They are not enforceable in courts but are fundamental in governance, aiming at a welfare state.

Mitochondria Function

Membrane-bound organelles that generate most cellular ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. Called the powerhouse of the cell; they contain their own circular DNA.

Meiosis Outcome

A reduction division producing four haploid daughter cells from one diploid parent cell. It halves chromosome number and creates genetic variation through crossing over.

Universal Donor Blood

O-negative red cells, because they lack A, B and Rh D antigens, so recipient antibodies do not react. AB-positive plasma is the universal donor plasma.

Ohm's Law

Current through a conductor is directly proportional to voltage and inversely proportional to resistance, expressed as V = IR, where V is volts, I amperes, R ohms.

Normal Adult Blood pH

Arterial blood pH is tightly regulated between 7.35 and 7.45. Below 7.35 is acidosis; above 7.45 is alkalosis. Both impair enzyme function and consciousness.

Simple Interest Formula

Simple interest equals principal multiplied by rate multiplied by time, divided by 100, written SI = P × R × T/100, where R is the annual percentage rate.

Nursing Process Steps

Five sequential phases: assessment (data collection), nursing diagnosis, planning (goals and interventions), implementation, and evaluation. Evaluation loops back to reassessment when goals are unmet.

Normal Adult Vital Signs

Temperature 36.5–37.5 °C, pulse 60–100 beats per minute, respirations 12–20 per minute, blood pressure around 120/80 mmHg, and oxygen saturation 95% or above.

WHO Five Moments Hand Hygiene

Hand hygiene before touching a patient, before clean/aseptic procedure, after body-fluid exposure risk, after touching a patient, and after touching patient surroundings.

Standard Precautions Definition

Infection-control practices applied to every patient regardless of diagnosis: hand hygiene, gloves, gown, mask and eye protection as indicated, safe sharps handling and waste segregation.

Airborne Precautions Use

Required for tuberculosis, measles, varicella and disseminated zoster. Needs a negative-pressure room, N95 respirator, and door kept closed; patient transport is minimised.

Rights of Medication Administration

Right patient, right drug, right dose, right route, right time, right documentation, right reason, and right of the patient to refuse. Verify identity with two identifiers.

Digoxin Apical Pulse Rule

A digitalising drug with a narrow therapeutic index. Count the apical pulse for a full minute before giving; withhold and report if the adult rate is below 60 per minute.

Stages of Labour

First stage from onset to full 10 cm dilatation; second from full dilatation to birth; third from birth to placental expulsion; fourth the first hour after delivery.

APGAR Score Components

Scores Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity and Respiration, each 0–2, at 1 and 5 minutes. Total 7–10 is normal; below 7 needs resuscitative support.

Hypoglycaemia Rule of 15

For a conscious patient with low blood glucose, give 15 g fast-acting carbohydrate, wait 15 minutes, recheck glucose, and repeat if still below 70 mg/dL.

Adult CPR Compression Rate

Compress the lower half of the sternum at 100–120 per minute, depth 5–6 cm, allowing full chest recoil. Compression-to-ventilation ratio is 30:2 for one or two rescuers.

Signs of Hypovolemic Shock

Tachycardia, falling blood pressure, cool clammy skin, prolonged capillary refill, oliguria, thirst, restlessness and confusion. Urine output below 0.5 mL/kg/hour indicates poor perfusion.

Levels of Prevention

Primary prevents disease before onset (immunisation, health education); secondary detects early (screening, treatment); tertiary limits disability and restores function through rehabilitation.

Cold Chain Temperature Range

Vaccines are kept at 2–8 °C. Freeze-sensitive products such as DPT, hepatitis B and tetanus toxoid must never be frozen; OPV loses potency if frozen repeatedly.

Normal Gestation Period

Pregnancy lasting 37 to 42 completed weeks from the last menstrual period is term. Before 37 weeks is preterm; beyond 42 weeks is post-term and raises fetal risk.

Myocardial Infarction Features

Classic presentation: crushing substernal chest pain radiating to arm or jaw, diaphoresis, nausea, dyspnoea, and ST-segment elevation on ECG with raised troponin.

Informed Consent Elements

Valid consent requires the patient be competent, adequately informed of risks, benefits and alternatives, and give consent voluntarily. Minors need a guardian's consent.

Correcting Nursing Records

A record is a legal document. Never overwrite or erase; draw a single line through the error, write the correction, add initials, date and time, and retain original legibility.

P Value Interpretation

The probability of obtaining the observed result if the null hypothesis is true. A p-value below 0.05 conventionally indicates statistical significance.

Isolation Types by Route

Contact for MRSA and C. difficile; droplet for influenza and pertussis (mask, 1 metre distance); airborne for tuberculosis and measles (N95, negative pressure).

Normal Urine Output Adult

Adequate renal perfusion yields roughly 1 mL/kg/hour, commonly 30–50 mL per hour in adults. Output below 30 mL/hour or 0.5 mL/kg/hour suggests oliguria.

Body Temperature Regulation

The hypothalamus acts as the thermostat, balancing heat production (metabolism, shivering) and heat loss (radiation, conduction, convection, evaporation) to hold core temperature near 37 °C.