Sikkim TET flashcards
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32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.
- Zone of Proximal Development
- Vygotsky's term for the range of tasks a learner can complete with guidance from a more capable person but cannot yet do independently.
- Conservation (Piaget)
- The understanding that quantity, mass or volume stays the same despite changes in appearance or arrangement. Typically achieved in the concrete operational stage, around age seven onward.
- Formative assessment
- Ongoing assessment during teaching that identifies learning gaps and informs immediate adjustments. It is diagnostic and low-stakes, unlike summative assessment at the end of a unit.
- Dyscalculia
- A specific learning disability affecting number sense, arithmetic facts and calculation. It is not caused by low intelligence and calls for concrete materials and structured practice.
- Operant conditioning
- Skinner's principle that behaviour is shaped by its consequences: reinforcement increases a behaviour, punishment decreases it. Schedules of reinforcement affect how quickly and firmly learning occurs.
- Intrinsic motivation
- Drive to act that comes from interest, curiosity or satisfaction in the activity itself rather than external rewards. It usually sustains learning longer than reward-driven motivation.
- Inclusive education
- Placing children with disabilities in age-appropriate general classrooms with needed accommodations, so all learners participate in the same setting rather than being segregated.
- Morpheme
- The smallest unit of language that carries meaning, such as 'book' or the plural '-s'. Words may contain one morpheme or several combined morphemes.
- Phoneme
- The smallest distinct sound unit in a language that can change meaning, such as the difference between /p/ and /b/ in 'pat' and 'bat'.
- Skimming and scanning
- Skimming reads quickly for the general idea; scanning moves the eyes rapidly to locate a specific fact, name or number without reading everything in detail.
- Communicative Language Teaching
- An approach that develops language through meaningful interaction and real communication. Fluency and function come first, with grammar taught in context rather than drilled in isolation.
- Language acquisition versus learning
- Acquisition is unconscious, naturalistic development through exposure; learning is conscious, rule-based study in formal settings. Krashen distinguished the two sharply.
- Diphthong
- A vowel sound that glides from one vowel target to another within a single syllable, as in the vowel of 'coin' or 'house'.
- Alliteration
- A figure of speech repeating the same initial consonant sound in nearby words, as in 'silent, silver stream'. It creates rhythm and emphasis in verse and prose.
- Present perfect tense
- Formed with has/have plus the past participle. It links a past action to present relevance, as in 'She has finished her work', without naming a finished past time.
- Reported speech
- Indirect quotation of someone's words. Tense usually shifts one step back, pronouns change to the reporter's viewpoint, and time and place words are adjusted.
- Passive voice
- A construction of be plus past participle in which the object of the action becomes the subject, as in 'The letter was written'. Used when the doer is unknown or unimportant.
- Second conditional
- If plus past simple in the condition and would plus base verb in the result, expressing an unreal or unlikely present situation, as in 'If I were taller, I would play.'
- Homophone
- A word that sounds the same as another but differs in spelling or meaning, such as 'their' and 'there' or 'write' and 'right'.
- Subject-verb agreement
- The rule that a verb matches its subject in number and person. With 'either...or' and 'neither...nor', the verb agrees with the nearer subject.
- Article usage
- 'A/an' marks a singular countable noun not yet specified; 'the' marks a specific or previously mentioned noun; no article is used for general plurals and uncountables.
- Prepositions of time
- 'In' is used for months, years and long periods; 'on' for days and dates; 'at' for clock times and fixed points such as 'at noon'.
- Divisibility by 3 and 9
- A number is divisible by 3 if its digit sum is a multiple of 3, and by 9 if its digit sum is a multiple of 9. For example, 738 has digit sum 18.
- HCF and LCM relation
- For two positive integers, the product of their HCF and LCM equals the product of the numbers themselves. This allows one value to be found when the other three are known.
- Area of a triangle
- Half the product of base and perpendicular height: area = half of base times height. The height must be perpendicular to the chosen base, not a slanted side.
- Unitary method
- A technique that first finds the value of one unit by division, then multiplies by the required number of units. Units must be kept consistent throughout.
- Prime number
- A whole number greater than 1 with exactly two factors, 1 and itself. The number 1 is neither prime nor composite, and 2 is the only even prime.
- Percentage change
- Change divided by the original value, multiplied by 100. A 20% rise then a 20% fall leaves 96% of the original, not 100%, because the bases differ.
- Average (mean)
- The sum of all observations divided by the number of observations. Adding a constant to every value raises the mean by that same constant.
- Photosynthesis
- The process in which green plants use sunlight, carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and release oxygen. Chlorophyll in chloroplasts captures the light energy.
- Water cycle
- The continuous movement of water through evaporation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation and collection. The Sun supplies the energy that drives evaporation.
- Food chain and energy
- A sequence from producers to herbivores to carnivores to decomposers. Energy flows one way and only about a tenth passes to the next trophic level.