SITEEE flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Newton's second law

The net force on a body equals its mass times acceleration, F_net = ma; this vector equation holds in inertial frames and reduces to equilibrium when net force is zero.

Projectile range formula

For launch speed u and angle θ on level ground, range R = u² sin(2θ)/g; range is maximum at 45° when air resistance is neglected.

Work-energy theorem

The net work done on an object equals its change in kinetic energy, W_net = ΔKE; this applies even when forces vary, using work as the integral of force over displacement.

Escape velocity

The minimum launch speed needed to escape a planet's gravity without further propulsion, v_esc = √(2GM/R), where M is planet mass and R is radius.

Ohm's law

For an ohmic conductor at constant temperature, current is directly proportional to potential difference: V = IR, where R is resistance in ohms.

Snell's law

When light crosses an interface, n1 sin θ1 = n2 sin θ2, where n is refractive index and angles are measured from the normal.

Simple pendulum period

For small angular swings, the period is T = 2π√(L/g), depending on length L and gravitational acceleration g but not on bob mass.

Coulomb's law

The electrostatic force between two point charges is F = kq1q2/r², directed along the line joining them; like charges repel and opposite charges attract.

Mole concept

One mole contains Avogadro's number 6.022×10²³ particles; mass in grams divided by molar mass gives amount in moles, n = m/M.

Ideal gas equation

PV = nRT relates pressure, volume, amount, and absolute temperature of an ideal gas; R = 8.314 J mol⁻¹ K⁻¹.

Le Chatelier's principle

When a system at equilibrium is disturbed by concentration, pressure, or temperature change, it shifts in the direction that partially opposes the disturbance.

pH definition

pH = −log10[H⁺] for dilute aqueous solutions; at 25°C, pH + pOH = 14 and neutral water has pH 7.

Hess's law

The enthalpy change of a reaction is independent of pathway; it equals the sum of enthalpy changes for any set of steps adding to the overall reaction.

Markovnikov's rule

When HX adds to an unsymmetrical alkene, the hydrogen attaches to the carbon with more hydrogens, giving the more substituted carbocation intermediate and major product.

Nernst equation

At 25°C, E = E° − (0.0592/n) log Q for a cell reaction; E° is standard potential, n electrons transferred, and Q reaction quotient.

Hückel aromatic rule

A planar cyclic conjugated system is aromatic if it has 4n + 2 π electrons in a continuous overlapping p-orbital ring, where n is a nonnegative integer.

Quadratic roots sum

For ax² + bx + c = 0, the roots satisfy sum = −b/a and product = c/a; the discriminant b² − 4ac determines real, equal, or complex roots.

Binomial general term

In (a + b)^n, the term containing b^r is C(n,r) a^(n−r) b^r; r ranges from 0 to n and C(n,r) is the binomial coefficient.

Sum of infinite GP

For a geometric progression with first term a and common ratio r where |r| < 1, the infinite sum is S = a/(1 − r).

Sine rule

In any triangle with sides a, b, c opposite angles A, B, C, a/sin A = b/sin B = c/sin C = 2R, where R is circumradius.

Product rule

The derivative of a product uv is u′v + uv′; this rule applies when both factors are differentiable functions of the same variable.

Integration by parts

∫u dv = uv − ∫v du; choose u using LIATE preference and dv as the remaining integrable factor to simplify the integral.

Circle equation

A circle with center (h,k) and radius r has equation (x−h)² + (y−k)² = r²; expanded form is x²+y²+Dx+Ey+F=0.

Bayes theorem

P(A|B) = P(B|A)P(A)/P(B), where P(B) > 0; it updates a prior probability using evidence and the law of total probability.

Fluid mosaic model

The plasma membrane is a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins, cholesterol, and carbohydrates; components move laterally, making the membrane dynamic and selectively permeable.

Enzyme active site

The active site is the region where substrate binds by shape and charge complementarity; binding lowers activation energy and forms an enzyme–substrate complex.

Mendel's law of segregation

During gamete formation, the two alleles of a gene separate so each gamete receives one allele; random fertilization then restores pairs in offspring.

Semiconservative replication

DNA replication produces two double helices, each containing one original parental strand and one newly synthesized strand, as shown by Meselson and Stahl.

Calvin cycle

In chloroplast stroma, ATP and NADPH drive carbon fixation by rubisco, reduction of 3-phosphoglycerate, and regeneration of RuBP to make sugar.

Nephron function

The nephron filters blood at the glomerulus, reabsorbs useful solutes and water along the tubule, and secretes wastes to form urine.

Binomial nomenclature

Each species has a two-part Latin name: capitalized genus followed by lowercase specific epithet, both italicized; for example, Homo sapiens.

Ten percent energy rule

In a food chain, roughly 10% of energy at one trophic level is transferred to the next; most is lost as heat, limiting chain length.