SSC JE Mechanical key terms

A form of logical reasoning where a conclusion is drawn from two given or assumed premises, each sharing a common term. Questions ask whether a conclusion logically follows, using Venn diagrams or rules of distribution.

A diagram using overlapping circles to represent sets and their relationships. In reasoning, it is used to test the validity of syllogistic conclusions by visualizing whether premises force the conclusion.

A reasoning question that asks you to identify the relationship between a pair of items and apply the same relationship to a new pair, often involving words, numbers, or letters.

A reasoning task where you identify the odd item out from a group based on a shared property. The common property may be numerical, alphabetical, semantic, or based on category.

A sequence of numbers, letters, or figures following a pattern. You must identify the rule and find the missing or next term. Common patterns include arithmetic, geometric, and alternating operations.

A reasoning topic where words or numbers are encoded using a rule, and you must either decode a given code or apply the rule to encode a new word. Rules may involve letter shifts, reversals, or substitutions.

A reasoning problem that describes family relationships through statements or symbols, and asks you to determine how two people are related. It tests the ability to trace kinship logically.

A reasoning topic involving movement in cardinal directions (north, south, east, west) and turns, asking for final direction or distance. It tests spatial orientation and vector addition.

A puzzle where people are arranged in a line or around a table based on clues about their positions. You must determine the complete arrangement or answer a specific positional question.

A reasoning problem presenting a set of conditions that must be satisfied simultaneously, often involving scheduling, grouping, or ordering. It tests deductive reasoning and constraint satisfaction.

Reasoning based on visual figures rather than words or numbers. It includes series, analogy, mirror images, water images, embedded figures, and paper folding, testing spatial visualization.

The reflection of a figure across a vertical line. In non-verbal reasoning, you must identify the correct mirror image of a given figure or pattern among options.

The reflection of a figure across a horizontal line, as if seen in water. It differs from a mirror image and is tested in non-verbal reasoning questions.

A non-verbal reasoning task where a sheet of paper is folded, holes are punched, and you must determine the pattern of holes when unfolded. It tests symmetry and spatial reasoning.

A sequence of numbers following a mathematical pattern, such as differences, ratios, squares, or alternating operations. You must find the next number or the wrong term.

A reasoning topic where standard arithmetic operators are replaced by symbols or interchanged, and you must evaluate expressions according to the new rules, often using BODMAS.

Basic human rights guaranteed by the Constitution of India (Part III, Articles 12–35), including equality, freedom, and constitutional remedies. They are enforceable in courts and central to Indian polity questions.

Guidelines in Part IV of the Indian Constitution (Articles 36–51) that direct the state in policymaking. They are not enforceable in courts but are fundamental in governance.

The system of local self-government in rural India, established by the 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992. It creates a three-tier structure: village, block, and district levels.

The supreme law of India, adopted on 26 November 1949 and effective 26 January 1950. It lays down the framework of government, fundamental rights, and duties.

A seasonal reversal of wind direction, bringing heavy rainfall to India from June to September (southwest monsoon) and some rain in winter (northeast monsoon). It is vital for Indian agriculture.

A rapidly rotating storm system with a low-pressure center, strong winds, and heavy rain, forming over warm tropical oceans. In India, they affect coastal regions, especially the Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea.

A period of increased agricultural production in India during the 1960s and 1970s, driven by high-yielding varieties of wheat and rice, fertilizers, and irrigation. It transformed food security.

The variety of life on Earth at all levels, including genetic, species, and ecosystem diversity. In Indian context, it includes hotspots like the Western Ghats and Himalayas.

A community of living organisms interacting with each other and their non-living environment. It includes energy flow and nutrient cycling, and is a key topic in environmental awareness.

The principle that current through a conductor is directly proportional to voltage and inversely proportional to resistance (V = IR). It is fundamental to electrical circuit analysis.

Two circuit laws: Kirchhoff's Current Law (sum of currents at a node is zero) and Voltage Law (sum of voltages around a loop is zero). They are used to solve complex circuits.

A circuit theorem stating that any linear electrical network can be replaced by an equivalent voltage source in series with a resistance. It simplifies analysis of complex networks.

The ratio of real power to apparent power in an AC circuit, equal to the cosine of the phase angle between voltage and current. A low power factor indicates inefficient power use.

The branch of physics dealing with heat, work, and energy transfer. The first law states energy conservation; the second law introduces entropy and direction of processes.

A measure of disorder or randomness in a system. In thermodynamics, the entropy of an isolated system never decreases, and it quantifies the unavailability of energy for work.

An ideal reversible thermodynamic cycle consisting of two isothermal and two adiabatic processes. It gives the maximum possible efficiency between two temperatures.

The internal force per unit area within a material that arises in response to an applied load. It is measured in pascals and can be tensile, compressive, or shear.

The deformation of a material expressed as the ratio of change in length to original length. It is a dimensionless quantity and is related to stress by the elastic modulus.

The ratio of tensile stress to tensile strain in the linear elastic region of a material's stress-strain curve. It measures stiffness and is denoted by E.

The internal moment that causes a beam to bend when subjected to transverse loads. It is calculated at any section and used to determine bending stresses.

The internal force acting parallel to the cross-section of a beam, tending to cause sliding. Its variation along the beam is shown in a shear force diagram.

A dimensionless quantity in fluid mechanics that predicts flow regime (laminar or turbulent) by comparing inertial forces to viscous forces. It is defined as ρVD/μ.

An equation stating that for steady, incompressible, frictionless flow, the sum of pressure energy, kinetic energy, and potential energy per unit volume is constant along a streamline.