Tamil Nadu HSE First Year Biology study plan

Draw and label a complete human digestive tract, heart, and nephron from memory, then correct errors against notes

Explain the mechanism of counter-current multiplication in the loop of Henle in your own words without looking at the text

Write the balanced equation for photosynthesis and list the products of the light and dark reactions with their site in the chloroplast

Solve 15 numerical problems on transpiration pull, water potential, and stomatal opening

Build a one-page comparison table of xylem and phloem transport including driving forces

Trace the pathway of oxygen from the nasal cavity to tissue mitochondria, naming every structure in order

Differentiate inspiration and expiration by listing muscle actions, pressure changes, and lung volumes

Describe nerve impulse transmission across a synapse and label a reflex arc

Compare the hormones of the pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, and pancreas with their target organs and deficiency diseases

Explain the C4 and CAM pathways and state one adaptive advantage of each

Explain sliding filament theory and the role of calcium and ATP in muscle contraction

Classify joints by structure and give one example of each type

Draw an animal cell and a plant cell side by side, labeling ten organelles and one distinguishing feature for each

Describe the fluid mosaic model of the plasma membrane and list three modes of transport across it

Explain the stages of mitosis with the key event of each phase

Classify biomolecules into carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids with one structural formula each

Explain enzyme action, factors affecting enzyme activity, and competitive inhibition

Describe the phases of meiosis and state two sources of genetic variation it creates

Draw and label the human male and female reproductive systems

Outline spermatogenesis and oogenesis, noting where they differ in timing and outcome

Explain the menstrual cycle with hormonal control and correlate each phase with ovarian and uterine events

Describe fertilization, implantation, and the stages of embryonic development

List contraceptive methods by category and state one mode of action and one limitation for each

Solve monohybrid and dihybrid crosses, including test crosses and incomplete dominance

Explain the chromosomal basis of sex determination and sex-linked inheritance with a worked pedigree

Describe the structure of DNA and explain semi-conservative replication

Trace transcription and translation, naming the enzymes and the role of each RNA type

Explain the lac operon concept and one example of gene regulation

State the principles of binomial nomenclature and apply the rules to write five scientific names correctly

Compare the five-kingdom system with the three-domain system and justify each criterion used

Compare algae, bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms, and angiosperms on habitat, vascular tissue, and mode of reproduction

Describe the life cycle of a moss and a fern, identifying the dominant generation in each

List the distinguishing features of major invertebrate phyla with one representative animal each

Compare the three classes of vertebrates on skin, heart chambers, and respiratory organs

Explain body plans: symmetry, coelom, segmentation, and germ layers, with one example animal per term

Explain one biotechnological application in medicine and one in agriculture, naming the technique used

Describe the flow of energy through an ecosystem and the nitrogen cycle

List major environmental issues and one mitigation measure for each

Revise evolution by explaining natural selection, adaptive radiation, and one piece of fossil evidence

Attempt two full-length timed papers and review every wrong answer to its source concept