Tamil Nadu HSE First Year Botany study plan

List the five-kingdom classification criteria and place 20 named Tamil Nadu plants into their correct kingdom and division without notes.

Draw and label the life cycle of a moss and a fern from memory, marking the ploidy (n/2n) of every stage.

Compare algae, bryophytes, pteridophytes and gymnosperms on habitat, vascular tissue, dominant generation and spore type in a single table.

Explain the economic importance of at least six algae and four gymnosperms found in India with one specific use each.

Write out the diagnostic features of the major angiosperm families studied (e.g. Fabaceae, Solanaceae, Brassicaceae, Liliaceae) and give the floral formula and floral diagram of each.

Identify and describe the parts of a flowering plant root, stem and leaf using correct botanical terminology, including the types of aestivation, placentation and inflorescence.

Classify ten fruits and ten roots given only a written description, justifying each answer in one sentence.

Sketch and label the internal structure of a monocot and a dicot stem and root, and state one tissue-level difference for each pair.

Describe the ultrastructure of a plant cell organelle-by-organelle, stating the function of each in one line.

Compare prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells across at least eight features and explain the fluid mosaic model of the plasma membrane.

Classify the four major biomolecule groups (carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids) with their monomers, bonds and one plant-specific example each.

Explain enzyme action, the lock-and-key and induced-fit models, and the effect of temperature and pH on enzyme rate.

Sequence the stages of mitosis and meiosis and state the key event, chromosome behaviour and checkpoint at each stage.

Explain the significance of crossing over and independent assortment in generating variation, with a worked example.

Distinguish the three phases of plant growth (meristematic, elongation, maturation) and describe the role of auxin, gibberellin and cytokinin in each.

Solve five numerical problems on mitotic index or chromosome number after meiosis in a given diploid plant.

Trace the light reactions step by step, naming the photosystems, the electron carriers and the products formed at each point.

Compare C3, C4 and CAM photosynthesis on anatomy, first stable product, timing of carbon fixation and water-use efficiency.

Explain the Calvin cycle in three phases and state how many ATP and NADPH are consumed per CO2 fixed.

Describe the factors limiting photosynthesis and interpret a light-response curve and a CO2-response curve.

Outline glycolysis, the link reaction, the Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation, listing the net ATP and NADH/FADH2 yield at each stage.

Explain aerobic versus anaerobic respiration in plants, including alcoholic and lactic acid fermentation, and the RQ of different substrates.

Define water potential, osmotic potential and pressure potential, and solve four problems combining them.

Explain the cohesion-tension theory of ascent of sap, root pressure, transpiration pull and the opening and closing of stomata by the potassium ion mechanism.

Compare active and passive transport, symplast and apoplast pathways, and explain the mechanism of phloem loading and unloading.

List the macro- and micronutrients, state one deficiency symptom for each of at least eight, and match symptoms to the nutrient.

Explain the role of Rhizobium, Azotobacter and mycorrhizae in nitrogen and phosphorus nutrition, and describe the nitrogen cycle steps relevant to plants.

Explain hydroponics and the criteria for essentiality of an element, and describe how nutrient uptake occurs against a concentration gradient.

Describe microsporogenesis and megasporogenesis, the structure of the mature embryo sac, and double fertilisation in sequence.

Explain pollination types, agents and adaptations, and outline embryo and endosperm development and the types of seed dormancy.

State Mendel's laws, solve dihybrid and test-cross problems, and explain incomplete dominance and codominance with plant examples.

Describe the structure of DNA, semiconservative replication and the central dogma, and outline one plant tissue culture or transgenic plant application.