Tamil Nadu HSE Second Year Biochemistry study plan

Draw the structures of glucose, fructose, sucrose, starch and glycogen and label the glycosidic linkages without notes

Classify the fatty acids in coconut oil, butter and sunflower oil as saturated, monounsaturated or polyunsaturated and justify each call from structure

Write the ionization states of alanine at pH 1, 7 and 11 and identify the pKa values that govern each transition

Distinguish the four levels of protein structure and name one stabilizing bond or force for each level

State the difference between a nucleoside and a nucleotide and list the bases found in DNA versus RNA

Trace the ten reactions of glycolysis naming every enzyme, the ATP invested and the ATP and NADH yielded

Identify the three irreversible steps of glycolysis and explain how each is bypassed in gluconeogenesis

List the eight reactions of the TCA cycle with enzyme names and note where NADH, FADH2 and GTP arise

Explain the chemiosmotic coupling of the electron transport chain to ATP synthase and calculate ATP yield from one NADH and one FADH2

Name the rate-limiting enzymes of glycolysis, gluconeogenesis and the TCA cycle and state one allosteric activator and inhibitor for each

Describe the four steps of beta-oxidation and calculate the ATP yield from palmitate by hand

Explain ketogenesis, why it rises in starvation and uncontrolled diabetes, and how the liver exports ketone bodies to other tissues

Outline cholesterol synthesis from acetyl-CoA and name the rate-limiting enzyme and its regulation

Compare the lipoprotein classes by density, main lipid carried and apolipoprotein, and state the role of LDL receptor and HDL in reverse cholesterol transport

Work out the net ATP and NADPH yield of the HMP shunt and explain why the oxidative phase matters in red blood cells

Write the transamination reactions of alanine and aspartate and state the role of pyridoxal phosphate

Draw the urea cycle with all five enzymes, their cellular locations and the two nitrogen entry points

Define positive and negative nitrogen balance and give one clinical example of each

Match each water-soluble vitamin to its coenzyme form and deficiency disease

List the fat-soluble vitamins with their functions and the deficiency or toxicity sign of each

Describe semi-conservative replication naming DNA polymerase, helicase, primase and ligase and their functions

Compare prokaryotic and eukaryotic transcription and list the post-transcriptional modifications of mRNA

Outline the three steps of translation and name the initiation, elongation and termination factors involved

Explain the lac operon under lactose present and absent conditions

State the central dogma and give one example each of a mutation type and its protein-level consequence

Explain how insulin and glucagon act through their receptors to change the activity of glycogen synthase and glycogen phosphorylase

Describe the fed, fasting and starved states in terms of blood glucose, insulin to glucagon ratio and the main fuel of brain, muscle and liver

Interpret a liver function panel and a kidney function panel with reference ranges for bilirubin, ALT, AST, urea and creatinine

State the diagnostic criteria for diabetes using fasting glucose, postprandial glucose and HbA1c

Explain how thyroid hormones and cortisol affect basal metabolic rate and glucose handling

Classify enzymes into the six IUBMB classes and assign an unfamiliar reaction to the correct class

Derive the meaning of Km and Vmax from a Michaelis-Menten plot and distinguish competitive, non-competitive and uncompetitive inhibition by their kinetic effects

Describe allosteric regulation and covalent modification using one example of each

List the common serum enzymes used in diagnosis and state which tissue damage each reflects

Explain how enzyme assays are affected by sample haemolysis, storage and substrate concentration

Recite the rate-limiting enzyme of each major pathway and one activator and inhibitor for each

Connect one inborn error of metabolism to each of carbohydrate, amino acid and lipid metabolism

Answer a full-length timed mock paper and score it against the marking scheme

Re-teach the five weakest topics aloud in five minutes each without notes

Build a revision sheet of the twenty facts most often missed in mock attempts