Tamil Nadu HSE Second Year Home Science flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

WHO definition of health

Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity, as defined by the World Health Organization.

Cold chain

The system of keeping vaccines at 2 to 8 degrees Celsius from manufacture to use. Breakage of the chain destroys vaccine potency.

Notifiable disease

A disease that a health worker must report to public health authorities, usually within 24 hours, so that surveillance and outbreak control can begin.

Vitamin A prophylaxis

Giving 1 mL (1 lakh IU) of vitamin A at 9 months and 2 mL (2 lakh IU) every 6 months up to 5 years to prevent night blindness and xerophthalmia.

Germinal and embryonic stages

The germinal stage covers the first 2 weeks after conception, and the embryonic stage covers weeks 3 to 8, when organogenesis makes the embryo most vulnerable to teratogens.

Cephalocaudal development

The pattern in which development proceeds from head to foot, so that head control appears before sitting and sitting before walking.

Piaget's sensorimotor stage

The first of Piaget's stages, from birth to about 2 years, when infants learn through senses and actions and develop object permanence.

Erikson's autonomy stage

The second psychosocial stage, roughly 1 to 3 years, when the child seeks independence and develops willpower if encouraged rather than shamed.

Low birth weight

A birth weight below 2.5 kg. Below 1.5 kg the infant is very low birth weight and needs special care.

Complementary proteins

Two protein foods whose limiting amino acids differ, such as cereal (low lysine) and pulse (low methionine), eaten together to give a better amino acid pattern.

Pellagra

Niacin deficiency marked by dermatitis, diarrhoea and dementia. It occurs where maize is the staple and tryptophan intake is low.

Rancidity

Oxidation of fats producing unpleasant odours and flavours. It is slowed by antioxidants, airtight storage and protection from light and heat.

Water activity

The free water available for microbial growth. Most bacteria stop growing below 0.6, which is why drying and salting preserve food.

Danger zone

The temperature range of 5 to 60 degrees Celsius in which food-poisoning bacteria multiply fastest. Keep food outside this range.

Mercerization

A finish in which cotton is treated with caustic soda under tension, giving greater lustre, strength and dye uptake.

Felting of wool

The matting of wool fibres caused by their scales interlocking under heat, moisture and friction. It is avoided by gentle washing and no wringing.

Twill weave

A weave with a diagonal line on the surface, made by passing the weft over one and under two or more warp yarns. It is durable and dirt-resistant.

Yarn count

A number expressing yarn fineness. In the cotton count a higher number means a finer yarn; in denier a lower number means a finer filament.

Sanforizing

A controlled compressive shrinkage finish that reduces the shrinkage of cotton fabric during washing, usually to within one percent.

Opportunity cost

The value of the next best alternative given up when a family chooses one use of limited resources over another.

Principles of design

Balance, rhythm, emphasis, proportion, harmony and unity. Together they make a room or garment visually pleasing and coherent.

Work simplification

Rearranging a task to reduce steps, effort and time, for example by keeping tools at the point of use or combining operations.

Task lighting

Local light directed at a work surface such as a sewing machine or study table, reducing glare and eye strain compared with general lighting alone.

Exclusive breastfeeding

Giving the infant only breast milk, with no water, other liquids or solids, for the first six months, followed by complementary feeding.

Parallel play

A play stage of about 2 to 3 years in which children play side by side with similar toys but do not yet share or organize a joint activity.

Montessori method

An early childhood approach using a prepared environment and self-correcting didactic materials, with children choosing activities at their own pace.

Weaning foods

Foods introduced at six months alongside breast milk, starting with thin liquids and progressing to mashed semi-solids and then family foods.

Consumer Protection Act, 2019

Indian law that created three-tier commissions to hear consumer complaints and defined six consumer rights, replacing the 1986 Act.

Agmark

A certification mark for agricultural produce in India, indicating that the product meets quality standards set for that commodity.

Unit pricing

Stating the price per standard unit such as per kilogram or per litre, so that consumers can compare the value of different package sizes.

Hypothesis

A testable statement predicting a relationship between variables, which the project work accepts or rejects on the basis of collected data.

Cost per serving

Total cost of the ingredients used divided by the number of servings produced, used to compare the economy of different recipes.