TS SET flashcards

33 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

UGC NET Paper I structure

Fifty objective questions worth 100 marks, covering ten units from teaching and research aptitude through ICT and higher education systems; each correct answer earns one mark with no negative marking in the standard pattern.

Reflective level of teaching

The highest teaching level, associated with Hunt, where learners critically analyse problems and construct original solutions; it demands higher-order thinking rather than mere recall or understanding.

Formative evaluation

Assessment conducted during instruction to monitor learning progress and provide feedback for improvement; it is diagnostic and continuous rather than judgmental, contrasting with summative evaluation at the end.

Summative evaluation

Assessment administered at the end of a course or unit to certify achievement and assign grades; it judges final learning outcomes against predetermined standards.

Bloom's revised taxonomy

Anderson and Krathwohl's hierarchy of cognitive processes: Remember, Understand, Apply, Analyze, Evaluate, Create; it pairs with a knowledge dimension of factual, conceptual, procedural, and metacognitive knowledge.

Action research

A cyclical, practitioner-led inquiry aimed at solving a local, immediate classroom or institutional problem; it involves planning, acting, observing, and reflecting repeatedly.

Null hypothesis

A statement of no difference or no relationship between variables; it is tested statistically and either rejected or not rejected based on sample evidence.

Type I and Type II errors

A Type I error rejects a true null hypothesis (alpha), while a Type II error fails to reject a false null hypothesis (beta); power equals one minus beta.

Stratified random sampling

A probability method in which the population is divided into homogeneous strata and random samples are drawn from each stratum; it improves precision and ensures representation of subgroups.

Content validity

The extent to which a test adequately covers the domain or syllabus it is intended to measure; it is established through expert judgment rather than statistical correlation.

Split-half reliability

A measure of internal consistency obtained by correlating scores on two halves of a single test; the Spearman-Brown formula estimates full-test reliability from the half-test correlation.

Communication barriers

Obstacles that distort or block message transmission; they include physical or environmental noise, semantic ambiguity, psychological factors such as prejudice, and organizational hierarchy or overload.

Deductive versus inductive reasoning

Deduction moves from general premises to a certain conclusion (valid or invalid); induction moves from specific observations to a probable generalization, never guaranteeing certainty.

Fallacy of affirming the consequent

A deductive error of the form: If P then Q; Q; therefore P. The consequent being true does not establish the antecedent, so the conclusion does not follow necessarily.

NEP 2020 academic credit bank

A national digital repository storing credits earned across institutions, enabling multiple entry and exit points, credit transfer, and multidisciplinary learning in Indian higher education.

NAAC grading

The National Assessment and Accreditation Council evaluates higher education institutions on criteria including curriculum, teaching, research, infrastructure, and governance, awarding grades on a cumulative grade point average scale.

Eigenvalues and eigenvectors

For a square matrix A, a nonzero vector v satisfies Av equals lambda v, where lambda is the eigenvalue; eigenvalues are roots of the characteristic polynomial det(A minus lambda I) equals zero.

Cauchy-Riemann equations

For f(z) equals u plus iv, differentiability requires u_x equals v_y and u_y equals minus v_x; together with continuity of partial derivatives they imply analyticity.

Lagrange's mean value theorem

If f is continuous on [a,b] and differentiable on (a,b), then some c in (a,b) satisfies f prime of c equals (f(b) minus f(a)) divided by (b minus a).

Group axioms

A set with a binary operation is a group if the operation is closed and associative, an identity element exists, and every element has an inverse; commutativity additionally makes it abelian.

Heisenberg uncertainty principle

Position and momentum cannot both be known precisely; the product of their uncertainties is at least h-bar divided by two, a consequence of non-commuting observables.

Schrödinger time-independent equation

The eigenvalue equation H psi equals E psi, where H is the Hamiltonian operator; its solutions give allowed stationary energy levels and wavefunctions of a quantum system.

Maxwell's equations

Four equations describing electricity and magnetism: Gauss's law for electricity and magnetism, Faraday's law of induction, and Ampère-Maxwell law; together they predict electromagnetic waves.

Second law of thermodynamics

The entropy of an isolated system never decreases; heat flows spontaneously from hot to cold, and no engine can convert all absorbed heat into work.

SN1 versus SN2 mechanism

SN1 proceeds via a carbocation intermediate with first-order kinetics and racemization; SN2 is a concerted backside attack with second-order kinetics and inversion of configuration.

Markovnikov's rule

In electrophilic addition of HX to an alkene, the hydrogen adds to the carbon bearing more hydrogens, placing the halogen on the more substituted carbon via the more stable carbocation.

NMR chemical shift

The resonance frequency of a nucleus relative to a reference such as TMS, expressed in ppm; it reflects the electronic environment and shielding of the nucleus.

Central dogma of molecular biology

Genetic information flows from DNA to RNA to protein: replication copies DNA, transcription produces RNA, and translation synthesizes polypeptides on ribosomes.

Mendel's law of segregation

Alleles of a gene separate during gamete formation so each gamete carries only one allele; random fertilization restores pairs in offspring, producing predictable phenotypic ratios.

Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium

Allele and genotype frequencies in a population remain constant absent mutation, migration, selection, genetic drift, and non-random mating; genotype frequencies follow p squared, 2pq, and q squared.

Balance sheet equation

Assets equal liabilities plus owners' equity; every transaction preserves this equality, forming the basis of double-entry bookkeeping and financial statement preparation.

Time value of money

A rupee today is worth more than a rupee later because it can earn interest; present value discounts future cash flows using a rate reflecting risk and time.

Deadlock conditions

Four simultaneous conditions cause deadlock: mutual exclusion, hold and wait, no preemption, and circular wait; breaking any one prevents deadlock.