UP NHM CHO flashcards
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- Incidence rate
- Number of new cases of a disease arising in a defined population during a stated period, divided by the population at risk at the start, multiplied by a constant such as 1000.
- Herd immunity threshold
- The proportion of a population that must be immune to interrupt transmission, calculated as 1 minus 1 divided by the basic reproduction number R0.
- Sensitivity of a test
- The proportion of people who truly have the disease and are correctly identified by the test, calculated as true positives divided by true positives plus false negatives.
- Maternal mortality ratio
- Maternal deaths during pregnancy or within 42 days of its end, from pregnancy-related causes, divided by live births in the same period, multiplied by 100,000.
- Sub-centre population norm
- A sub-centre serves 5,000 people in plain areas and 3,000 in hilly, tribal, or difficult areas, providing first-contact primary care and referral linkage.
- Janani Shishu Suraksha Karyakram
- A national scheme giving pregnant women and sick newborns free delivery care, drugs, diagnostics, blood, diet, and free transport between home and facility.
- Health and Wellness Centre
- The primary-care delivery component of Ayushman Bharat, upgraded from sub-centres and PHCs to provide comprehensive primary care including NCD screening and essential medicines.
- RMNCH+A approach
- India's continuum-of-care strategy covering reproductive, maternal, newborn, child, and adolescent health across life stages, linking community and facility services with referral.
- WHO child danger signs
- Signs needing urgent referral: inability to drink or breastfeed, persistent vomiting, convulsions, lethargy or unconsciousness, and chest indrawing or stridor in a calm child.
- Glasgow Coma Scale
- A 3-to-15 score combining eye, verbal, and motor responses; a total of 8 or less indicates coma and the need to protect the airway.
- Normal adult vital signs
- Pulse 60 to 100 per minute, respiratory rate 12 to 20 per minute, blood pressure below 120/80 mmHg, oral temperature 36.5 to 37.5 Celsius, and oxygen saturation 95 percent or above.
- Abdominal examination sequence
- Inspect, then auscultate bowel sounds, then percuss, then palpate; auscultation precedes palpation because palpation changes bowel sound frequency.
- Essential newborn care
- Immediate drying, delayed cord clamping for one to three minutes, skin-to-skin contact, breastfeeding within one hour, and exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months.
- Kangaroo Mother Care
- Continuous skin-to-skin contact with exclusive breastfeeding for stable low-birth-weight and preterm newborns, with early discharge and close follow-up.
- Measles-Rubella vaccination schedule
- In India, the first dose is given at 9 to 12 months and the second at 16 to 24 months, aiming for very high two-dose coverage to interrupt transmission.
- PMSMA antenatal check
- Pradhan Mantri Surakshit Matritva Abhiyan offers a free comprehensive antenatal check on the ninth of every month to pregnant women, including those in later pregnancy.
- NTEP tuberculosis diagnosis
- Under the national TB programme, a rapid molecular test such as CBNAAT is used as the initial diagnostic test, with drug-susceptibility testing for resistance.
- Dengue warning signs
- Abdominal pain, persistent vomiting, mucosal bleeding, fluid accumulation, lethargy, and liver enlargement suggest progression to severe dengue and require hospital referral.
- Kala-azar elimination target
- Visceral leishmaniasis elimination is defined as fewer than one case per 10,000 population per year at block level, with sandfly control and early diagnosis by rK39 test.
- Leprosy diagnostic sign
- A hypopigmented or reddish patch with definite loss of sensation is the cardinal clinical sign; multi-drug therapy duration depends on paucibacillary or multibacillary classification.
- Levels of prevention
- Primordial prevents risk factors in populations, primary acts before disease, secondary detects and treats early, and tertiary limits disability and promotes rehabilitation.
- Health Belief Model
- A behaviour-change model in which action depends on perceived susceptibility, severity, benefits, and barriers, plus a cue to action and self-efficacy.
- Stages of Change model
- A transtheoretical model describing precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, and relapse, with interventions matched to the person's current stage.
- IEC versus BCC
- Information, education, and communication is largely one-way message transmission; behaviour change communication is participatory, audience-segmented, and evaluated by behaviour, not recall.
- HMIS indicator formula
- A health management information system indicator is a numerator divided by a defined denominator, multiplied by 100 or 1000, over a stated reporting period.
- Data quality dimensions
- Completeness, timeliness, accuracy, consistency, validity, and integrity; registers are cross-checked against summary reports to verify them.
- IDSP weekly reporting
- The Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme collects weekly reports of priority diseases from peripheral units, and outbreak signals require immediate reporting rather than waiting for the weekly cycle.
- Valid informed consent
- Consent is valid when the patient has capacity, receives adequate information on diagnosis, options, risks, and benefits, comprehends it, and decides voluntarily.
- PCPNDT Act purpose
- It prohibits prenatal sex determination and related advertising, requiring that the indication for any antenatal diagnostic procedure be recorded in the prescribed form.
- Negligence four elements
- A claim requires a duty of care owed, a breach of that duty, causation linking the breach to harm, and actual damage; documentation supports the defence.
- Simple versus compound interest
- Simple interest is principal times rate times time divided by 100; compound interest is calculated on principal plus accumulated interest each period.
- Speed unit conversion
- To convert kilometres per hour to metres per second multiply by 5 divided by 18; to convert metres per second to kilometres per hour multiply by 18 divided by 5.