UP Police Computer Operator key terms

Central Processing Unit, the primary component that executes instructions by fetching, decoding, and executing them, performing arithmetic and logical operations, and controlling other parts of the computer.

Arithmetic Logic Unit, a digital circuit inside the CPU that performs arithmetic operations like addition and subtraction and logical operations such as AND, OR, and comparisons.

Small, very fast storage locations inside the CPU used to hold data, instructions, and addresses temporarily during processing, with sizes typically measured in bits.

A small, high-speed memory between the CPU and main memory that stores frequently used data and instructions to reduce average access time, organized in levels L1, L2, and L3.

Random Access Memory, volatile primary memory that temporarily stores data and program instructions currently in use, allowing direct access to any location and losing contents when power is off.

Read Only Memory, non-volatile memory containing permanent instructions such as firmware and the bootstrap loader, which retains data even when the computer is turned off.

The rate at which a CPU's internal clock generates pulses, measured in hertz (GHz), indicating how many cycles per second the processor can execute, though not directly equal to instructions per second.

System software that manages hardware resources, provides common services for programs, and offers a user interface, acting as an intermediary between users and computer hardware.

The core component of an operating system that remains in main memory and controls fundamental operations such as process management, memory management, and device management.

A program in execution, including its current state, program counter, registers, and memory allocation, which the operating system schedules and manages as an independent unit.

The smallest unit of execution within a process, sharing the process's resources like memory while having its own program counter and stack, enabling concurrent execution.

A memory management technique that uses disk space to extend apparent main memory, allowing programs larger than physical RAM to run by swapping pages between RAM and disk.

A method and data structure an operating system uses to organize, store, retrieve, and manage files and directories on storage devices, controlling naming, permissions, and access.

In spreadsheet software, a cell address written with dollar signs (e.g., $A$1) that remains fixed when a formula is copied to another cell, unlike relative references.

An Excel function that searches for a value in the leftmost column of a table and returns a value from a specified column in the same row, useful for retrieving matching records.

An interactive Excel tool that summarizes, groups, and analyzes large datasets by dragging fields into rows, columns, values, and filters, enabling quick reports without changing source data.

A recorded sequence of commands or a small program in applications like Excel or Word that automates repetitive tasks, often written in Visual Basic for Applications (VBA).

A Word feature that combines a main document with a data source to produce multiple personalized documents such as letters or labels, each containing unique recipient information.

A column or set of columns in a database table that uniquely identifies each row and cannot contain null values, enforcing entity integrity and often used to create relationships.

A column or set of columns in one table that references the primary key of another table, establishing a link between tables and enforcing referential integrity.

The process of organizing database tables to reduce redundancy and dependency by dividing large tables into smaller ones and defining relationships, typically through normal forms like 1NF, 2NF, and 3NF.

An SQL operation that combines rows from two or more tables based on a related column, with types including INNER JOIN, LEFT JOIN, RIGHT JOIN, and FULL JOIN.

A unique numerical label assigned to each device on a network using the Internet Protocol, used for identification and location addressing, available in IPv4 (32-bit) and IPv6 (128-bit) versions.

Domain Name System, a hierarchical naming system that translates human-readable domain names into IP addresses, enabling browsers to locate web servers on the internet.

A 32-bit number used in IPv4 networking to divide an IP address into network and host portions, determining which addresses are on the same local subnet.

Hypertext Transfer Protocol, an application-layer protocol used for transmitting web pages and other resources between a web browser and a web server, typically over TCP port 80.

A cyberattack that tricks users into revealing sensitive information such as passwords or credit card numbers by disguising malicious messages or websites as trustworthy entities.

A network security device or software that monitors and controls incoming and outgoing traffic based on predetermined security rules, establishing a barrier between trusted and untrusted networks.

The process of converting plaintext into ciphertext using an algorithm and key so that only authorized parties can read the original information, protecting data confidentiality during storage or transmission.

An electronic signature scheme that uses public key cryptography to verify the authenticity and integrity of a message or document, ensuring the sender's identity and that the content was not altered.

India's Information Technology Act, 2000, which provides the legal framework for electronic commerce, digital signatures, and cybercrime, and was amended in 2008 to include provisions on privacy and data protection.

The branch of forensic science that involves identifying, preserving, extracting, and analyzing digital evidence from computers, networks, and storage devices for use in legal proceedings.

A documented record of the chronological history of evidence, showing who handled it, when, and for what purpose, to ensure its integrity and admissibility in court.

First Information Report, a written document prepared by police in India when they receive information about the commission of a cognizable offence, forming the basis for investigation.

An offence for which a police officer may arrest without a warrant and investigate without the permission of a magistrate, as defined under the Code of Criminal Procedure.

The Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973, an Indian law that lays down the procedure for investigation, arrest, bail, trial, and appeal in criminal cases, applicable across states including Uttar Pradesh.

A quantitative relationship between two quantities where a ratio compares their sizes and a proportion states that two ratios are equal, often used to solve problems involving scaling and sharing.

A number or ratio expressed as a fraction of 100, used to compare quantities and calculate increases, decreases, discounts, and interest in quantitative aptitude problems.

A form of logical reasoning where a conclusion is drawn from two given or assumed premises, often tested in reasoning sections through statements and conclusions about categories.

In Hindi grammar, the phonetic combination of two adjacent sounds or words that results in a modified form, often with a change in spelling or pronunciation, such as विद्या + आलय = विद्यालय.