UPMSP High School Social Science cheat sheet

Revolt of 1857 began at Meerut on 10 May 1857; Mangal Pandey's action at Barrackpore occurred in March 1857.

Indian National Congress founded in 1885 by A. O. Hume; first session in Bombay, first president W. C. Bonnerjee.

Partition of Bengal by Lord Curzon in 1905 triggered the Swadeshi Movement; annulled in 1911.

Jallianwala Bagh massacre: Amritsar, 13 April 1919, during protests against the Rowlatt Act.

Non-Cooperation Movement launched in 1920 and withdrawn in February 1922 after Chauri Chaura.

Dandi March (Salt Satyagraha) began 12 March 1930 from Sabarmati Ashram; Civil Disobedience Movement followed.

Quit India Movement resolution passed 8 August 1942 in Bombay; slogan 'Do or Die'.

Indian independence and Partition: Indian Independence Act passed July 1947; independence 15 August 1947.

India's latitudinal extent: 8°4'N to 37°6'N; longitudinal extent: 68°7'E to 97°25'E; Tropic of Cancer passes near 23°30'N.

Standard Meridian of India is 82°30'E, giving IST = GMT + 5 hours 30 minutes.

Highest peak in India: Kangchenjunga (8,586 m); highest peak of the Himalaya overall is Everest.

Western Ghats are continuous and higher than the Eastern Ghats; Eastern Ghats are discontinuous and dissected by rivers.

Monsoon: southwest summer monsoon (June-September) brings most rainfall; retreating monsoon affects Tamil Nadu coast (Oct-Nov).

Tropical deciduous forests are the most widespread forest type in India; Sundarbans hosts mangrove forests.

Longest river wholly within India: Godavari (also called Dakshin Ganga); Ganga is longest river of India overall.

Soils: alluvial (most extensive, northern plains), black/regur (cotton, Deccan trap), red (crystalline rocks), laterite (heavy rainfall, leaching).

Constitution of India adopted 26 November 1949; came into force 26 January 1950; Dr B. R. Ambedkar chaired the Drafting Committee.

Fundamental Rights are in Part III (Articles 12-35); Right to Constitutional Remedies (Art. 32) is called the 'heart and soul' by Ambedkar.

Directive Principles of State Policy are in Part IV (Articles 36-51) and are non-justiciable.

Fundamental Duties added by the 42nd Amendment (1976) on the Swaran Singh Committee recommendation; Part IVA, Article 51A.

President is elected indirectly by an electoral college; term 5 years; impeachment under Article 61.

Rajya Sabha: maximum 250 members (238 elected, 12 nominated); Lok Sabha: maximum 552 members.

Money Bill can be introduced only in the Lok Sabha, with prior recommendation of the President; Rajya Sabha has 14 days to respond.

Panchayati Raj: 73rd Amendment (1992) for panchayats; 74th Amendment for municipalities; three-tier structure at village, block and district level.

GDP = market value of all final goods and services produced within a country's domestic territory in a year.

National income aggregates: GDP, GNP = GDP + net factor income from abroad, NNP = GNP - depreciation.

Sectors: primary (agriculture, mining), secondary (manufacturing, construction), tertiary (services).

Inflation measured in India mainly by CPI (Consumer Price Index) and WPI (Wholesale Price Index); CPI is the RBI's nominal anchor.

Money supply measures: M1 = currency with public + demand deposits + other deposits with RBI; M3 is broad money.

Repo rate is the rate at which RBI lends to commercial banks; reverse repo absorbs liquidity.

Poverty line in India historically based on calorie norms (2,400 kcal rural, 2,100 kcal urban); Tendulkar and Rangarajan committees revised estimates.

Human Development Index combines life expectancy, education (mean and expected years of schooling) and per capita income (GNI).

Sustainable Development Goals: 17 goals adopted by the UN in 2015 under the 2030 Agenda.

Paris Agreement (2015) aims to limit global warming to well below 2°C, preferably 1.5°C, above pre-industrial levels.

India's renewable push: International Solar Alliance launched 2015; target of 500 GW non-fossil capacity by 2030.

Map reading: scale, direction (north arrow), conventional symbols and grid references are the four essentials of a topographical sheet.

Contour lines close together indicate steep slope; widely spaced contours indicate gentle slope; V-shape pointing upstream marks a valley.

Latitude lines run east-west and measure north-south position; longitude lines run north-south and measure east-west position.

Locate on an India outline map: Tropic of Cancer, Standard Meridian, Western and Eastern Ghats, Deccan Plateau, Thar Desert, Palk Strait.

Major passes: Khyber and Bolan in the northwest, Nathu La and Jelep La in Sikkim, Shipki La in Himachal Pradesh.

India shares land borders with Pakistan, Afghanistan, China, Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar and Bangladesh; maritime border with Sri Lanka and Maldives.

Longest land border: Bangladesh; longest border with a single country overall is with Bangladesh (about 4,096 km).

Easternmost point of India: Kibithu, Arunachal Pradesh; southernmost: Indira Point, Great Nicobar.

Straits: Palk Strait separates India from Sri Lanka; Ten Degree Channel separates Andaman from Nicobar Islands.

Rivers on a map: Indus, Ganga, Brahmaputra rise in the Himalaya; Narmada and Tapi flow west into the Arabian Sea.

Cyclone-prone east coast: Bay of Bengal cyclones usually strike Odisha, Andhra Pradesh and West Bengal.

Global issues: ozone depletion linked to CFCs under the Montreal Protocol; biodiversity protected under the Convention on Biological Diversity (1992).