UPMSP High School Disaster Mgmt cheat sheet

Disaster = a serious disruption of a community's functioning causing widespread human, material, economic or environmental losses that exceed the community's capacity to cope using its own resources.

Hazard is a potential event or condition; vulnerability is the conditions that make people susceptible to loss; risk is the probability of harmful consequences from the interaction of hazard, vulnerability and capacity.

Risk (R) = Hazard (H) × Vulnerability (V) ÷ Capacity (C): raising capacity lowers risk without changing the hazard.

Hazard types: natural (geophysical, hydrological, meteorological, climatological, biological) and human-induced (technological, industrial, transport, conflict).

Disaster management cycle phases: mitigation and prevention, preparedness, response/relief, recovery and rehabilitation, then back to mitigation.

Mitigation reduces hazard impact (embankments, earthquake-resistant construction); preparedness readies people and systems (drills, early warning, stockpiles).

Vulnerability factors: poverty, age, disability, gender, caste, location, poor housing, lack of awareness, weak infrastructure and governance.

Capacity includes resources, skills, institutions, social networks and traditional knowledge available to reduce risk or respond.

Disaster vs emergency: an emergency is manageable with routine resources; a disaster overwhelms local response capacity and needs external help.

India's hazard profile: about 59% of land is earthquake-prone, 12% flood-prone, 8% cyclone-prone, and 70% of land is drought-prone in some degree; roughly 85% of the coastline is cyclone-exposed.

Seismic zones per IS 1893: Zone II (low), III (moderate), IV (severe), V (very severe); Zone V includes parts of Kashmir, Himachal, north Bihar, Kutch and the Andaman & Nicobar Islands.

Floods are the most frequent disaster in India, driven by monsoon rainfall, river overflow, cyclones, cloudbursts and poor drainage; the Ganga-Brahmaputra plains are most affected.

Cyclones form over warm seas (sea surface temperature above about 26-27°C); the Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea coasts face pre-monsoon and post-monsoon cyclone seasons.

Drought types: meteorological, hydrological, agricultural and socio-economic; Rajasthan, Marathwada and parts of Bundelkhand are chronically drought-prone.

Landslides cluster in the Himalayan belt and Western Ghats, triggered by heavy rain, slope cutting, deforestation and construction.

Earthquake magnitude is measured on the Richter scale (logarithmic); intensity is measured by the Modified Mercalli scale and describes shaking and damage at a place.

Tsunami waves are generated by undersea earthquakes, landslides or volcanic eruptions; the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami struck Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala and Andaman & Nicobar.

Biological hazards include epidemics (dengue, malaria, cholera) and pest attacks; heat waves are notified as a disaster in several Indian states.

Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030 has four priorities: understanding disaster risk; strengthening disaster risk governance; investing in DRR for resilience; enhancing preparedness for effective response and Build Back Better.

Sendai has seven global targets, including reducing mortality, affected persons, economic loss and infrastructure damage, and increasing early warning and DRR strategies.

Hazard mapping and risk assessment identify exposure and vulnerability; they inform land-use planning, building codes and evacuation routes.

Early warning system chain: risk knowledge, monitoring and forecasting, dissemination and communication, and response capability.

Structural measures (embankments, check dams, retrofitting, shelters) and non-structural measures (codes, zoning, insurance, training, drills) together reduce risk.

Preparedness tools: disaster management plans, incident response systems, emergency operations centres, stockpiles, mock drills, and community task forces.

Building codes relevant to India: IS 1893 (earthquake design), IS 4326 (earthquake-resistant construction), IS 13920 (ductile detailing) and the National Building Code 2016.

Community-Based Disaster Risk Management (CBDRM) places the community at the centre of hazard assessment, planning, mitigation and response.

Response begins with warning dissemination and evacuation, followed by search and rescue, first aid, triage, shelter, water and sanitation, food and psychosocial support.

Incident Command System principle: unity of command and a clear chain - incident commander, operations, planning, logistics and finance/administration sections.

Triage sorts casualties by urgency so scarce resources save the most lives; colour tags are typically red (immediate), yellow (delayed), green (minor) and black (deceased/expectant).

The golden hours after an earthquake are the first 72 hours for finding survivors; rescue prioritises lightly trapped victims and accessible voids.

Relief standards: minimum water, food, shelter and sanitation per person per day are set in the Sphere Standards; relief must be needs-based, timely and equitable.

Relief should respect dignity, avoid duplication, and be transparent; distribution records prevent leakage and support accountability.

In India, the National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) is the specialised federal search-and-rescue force; State Disaster Response Forces (SDRF) support states.

The National Emergency Response Centre and the India Disaster Resource Network support coordination and resource mobilisation during response.

Uttar Pradesh is highly flood-prone: the Ganga, Ghaghara, Sharda, Rapti, Gandak, Yamuna and Betwa cause recurrent flooding, especially in the eastern districts.

Eastern UP districts such as Gorakhpur, Bahraich, Gonda, Siddharthnagar, Balrampur, Sant Kabir Nagar and Basti face repeated flood losses; the Rapti and Ghaghara are major culprits.

UP lies largely in seismic Zones III and IV, with the Himalayan foothills and parts of western UP in higher-risk zones; drought affects Bundelkhand.

The UP Disaster Management Act, 2005 established the UP State Disaster Management Authority (UPSDMA), chaired by the Chief Minister, with a State Executive Committee for implementation.

District Disaster Management Authorities (DDMAs) in each district are chaired by the District Magistrate and prepare district disaster management plans.

UP has a State Disaster Response Force and trained flood rescue battalions; the Provincial Armed Constabulary (PAC) provides flood relief support.

UP's flood preparedness includes embankment monitoring, flood forecasting by the Central Water Commission, relief camps, boat deployment and community warning systems.

UP observes disaster reduction activities and runs school safety and awareness programmes through the Relief Commissioner's office and the education department.

Community is the first responder: local people act in the critical minutes before outside help arrives, so their capacity determines survival rates.

Community-based preparedness includes hazard mapping, early warning chains, evacuation routes, task forces (search and rescue, first aid, shelter, water and sanitation) and stockpiles.

School Disaster Management Plan components: hazard identification, vulnerability assessment, resource inventory, response plan, evacuation map and roles for students and staff.

School safety measures: structural safety audit and retrofitting, non-structural safety (anchoring cupboards, shelves), fire safety, and safe evacuation routes.

Mock drills should be held regularly, be timed, be evaluated, and involve students, teachers, staff, parents and local authorities.

Students can act as change agents - spreading awareness at home on hazards, hygiene and climate, and participating in school safety clubs and eco-clubs.

Vulnerable groups needing priority in evacuation: young children, the elderly, persons with disabilities, pregnant women and the sick.

Community awareness tools: street plays, wall writing, posters, community radio, SMS alerts and volunteer networks such as Aapda Mitra.

DRABC sequence: check Danger, Response, Airway, Breathing and Circulation before giving care; call for help early.

Adult CPR: chest compressions at 100-120 per minute, depth 5-6 cm, ratio of 30 compressions to 2 rescue breaths; continue until help or recovery.

Severe bleeding: apply direct pressure with a clean cloth, elevate the limb where possible, and do not remove embedded objects.

Burns: cool with clean running water for about 20 minutes, remove tight items, cover with a clean non-stick dressing; never apply oil, toothpaste or ice.

Fractures: immobilise the limb with a splint, support above and below the break, and do not attempt to straighten a deformed limb.

Choking in a conscious adult: give up to 5 back blows, then up to 5 abdominal thrusts (Heimlich manoeuvre), alternating until the object clears.

Snake bite: keep the victim calm and still, immobilise the bitten limb below heart level, remove rings, and transport to hospital; do not cut, suck or apply a tight tourniquet.

Heat stroke: move to shade, remove excess clothing, cool with wet cloths and fanning, and give fluids if conscious; call emergency services.

Recovery position: for an unconscious but breathing casualty, place on the side to keep the airway open and prevent choking on vomit.

Greenhouse gases (CO2, methane, nitrous oxide, water vapour) trap heat; rising concentrations warm the atmosphere and intensify the hydrological cycle.

Observed trends: rising mean temperatures, more frequent heat waves, heavier short-duration rainfall, glacier retreat, sea-level rise and ocean acidification.

Climate change increases disaster risk by raising hazard frequency and intensity, and by worsening vulnerability through crop failure, water scarcity and displacement.

India's National Action Plan on Climate Change (2008) has eight national missions, including solar, water, sustainable agriculture and strategic knowledge.

India's updated Nationally Determined Contribution targets net-zero emissions by 2070 and reduced emissions intensity of GDP by 2030.

Climate adaptation (adjusting to impacts) differs from mitigation (reducing emissions); DRR overlaps both through resilient infrastructure and early warning.

Ecosystem-based adaptation - mangroves, wetlands, forests - buffers coasts and floods while storing carbon.

Climate-induced displacement and migration create new vulnerability, and disaster management must plan for slow-onset events such as drought and sea-level rise.

Disaster = a serious disruption of a community's functioning causing widespread human, material, economic or environmental losses that exceed the community's capacity to cope using its own resources.

Hazard is a potential event or condition; vulnerability is the conditions that make people susceptible to loss; risk is the probability of harmful consequences from the interaction of hazard, vulnerability and capacity.

Risk (R) = Hazard (H) × Vulnerability (V) ÷ Capacity (C): raising capacity lowers risk without changing the hazard.

Hazard types: natural (geophysical, hydrological, meteorological, climatological, biological) and human-induced (technological, industrial, transport, conflict).

Disaster management cycle phases: mitigation and prevention, preparedness, response/relief, recovery and rehabilitation, then back to mitigation.

Mitigation reduces hazard impact (embankments, earthquake-resistant construction); preparedness readies people and systems (drills, early warning, stockpiles).

Vulnerability factors: poverty, age, disability, gender, caste, location, poor housing, lack of awareness, weak infrastructure and governance.

Capacity includes resources, skills, institutions, social networks and traditional knowledge available to reduce risk or respond.

Disaster vs emergency: an emergency is manageable with routine resources; a disaster overwhelms local response capacity and needs external help.

India's hazard profile: about 59% of land is earthquake-prone, 12% flood-prone, 8% cyclone-prone, and 70% of land is drought-prone in some degree; roughly 85% of the coastline is cyclone-exposed.

Seismic zones per IS 1893: Zone II (low), III (moderate), IV (severe), V (very severe); Zone V includes parts of Kashmir, Himachal, north Bihar, Kutch and the Andaman & Nicobar Islands.

Floods are the most frequent disaster in India, driven by monsoon rainfall, river overflow, cyclones, cloudbursts and poor drainage; the Ganga-Brahmaputra plains are most affected.

Cyclones form over warm seas (sea surface temperature above about 26-27°C); the Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea coasts face pre-monsoon and post-monsoon cyclone seasons.

Drought types: meteorological, hydrological, agricultural and socio-economic; Rajasthan, Marathwada and parts of Bundelkhand are chronically drought-prone.

Landslides cluster in the Himalayan belt and Western Ghats, triggered by heavy rain, slope cutting, deforestation and construction.

Earthquake magnitude is measured on the Richter scale (logarithmic); intensity is measured by the Modified Mercalli scale and describes shaking and damage at a place.

Tsunami waves are generated by undersea earthquakes, landslides or volcanic eruptions; the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami struck Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala and Andaman & Nicobar.

Biological hazards include epidemics (dengue, malaria, cholera) and pest attacks; heat waves are notified as a disaster in several Indian states.

Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030 has four priorities: understanding disaster risk; strengthening disaster risk governance; investing in DRR for resilience; enhancing preparedness for effective response and Build Back Better.

Sendai has seven global targets, including reducing mortality, affected persons, economic loss and infrastructure damage, and increasing early warning and DRR strategies.

Hazard mapping and risk assessment identify exposure and vulnerability; they inform land-use planning, building codes and evacuation routes.

Early warning system chain: risk knowledge, monitoring and forecasting, dissemination and communication, and response capability.

Structural measures (embankments, check dams, retrofitting, shelters) and non-structural measures (codes, zoning, insurance, training, drills) together reduce risk.

Preparedness tools: disaster management plans, incident response systems, emergency operations centres, stockpiles, mock drills, and community task forces.

Building codes relevant to India: IS 1893 (earthquake design), IS 4326 (earthquake-resistant construction), IS 13920 (ductile detailing) and the National Building Code 2016.

Community-Based Disaster Risk Management (CBDRM) places the community at the centre of hazard assessment, planning, mitigation and response.

Response begins with warning dissemination and evacuation, followed by search and rescue, first aid, triage, shelter, water and sanitation, food and psychosocial support.

Incident Command System principle: unity of command and a clear chain - incident commander, operations, planning, logistics and finance/administration sections.

Triage sorts casualties by urgency so scarce resources save the most lives; colour tags are typically red (immediate), yellow (delayed), green (minor) and black (deceased/expectant).

The golden hours after an earthquake are the first 72 hours for finding survivors; rescue prioritises lightly trapped victims and accessible voids.

Relief standards: minimum water, food, shelter and sanitation per person per day are set in the Sphere Standards; relief must be needs-based, timely and equitable.

Relief should respect dignity, avoid duplication, and be transparent; distribution records prevent leakage and support accountability.

In India, the National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) is the specialised federal search-and-rescue force; State Disaster Response Forces (SDRF) support states.

The National Emergency Response Centre and the India Disaster Resource Network support coordination and resource mobilisation during response.

Uttar Pradesh is highly flood-prone: the Ganga, Ghaghara, Sharda, Rapti, Gandak, Yamuna and Betwa cause recurrent flooding, especially in the eastern districts.

Eastern UP districts such as Gorakhpur, Bahraich, Gonda, Siddharthnagar, Balrampur, Sant Kabir Nagar and Basti face repeated flood losses; the Rapti and Ghaghara are major culprits.

UP lies largely in seismic Zones III and IV, with the Himalayan foothills and parts of western UP in higher-risk zones; drought affects Bundelkhand.

The UP Disaster Management Act, 2005 established the UP State Disaster Management Authority (UPSDMA), chaired by the Chief Minister, with a State Executive Committee for implementation.

District Disaster Management Authorities (DDMAs) in each district are chaired by the District Magistrate and prepare district disaster management plans.

UP has a State Disaster Response Force and trained flood rescue battalions; the Provincial Armed Constabulary (PAC) provides flood relief support.

UP's flood preparedness includes embankment monitoring, flood forecasting by the Central Water Commission, relief camps, boat deployment and community warning systems.

UP observes disaster reduction activities and runs school safety and awareness programmes through the Relief Commissioner's office and the education department.

Community is the first responder: local people act in the critical minutes before outside help arrives, so their capacity determines survival rates.

Community-based preparedness includes hazard mapping, early warning chains, evacuation routes, task forces (search and rescue, first aid, shelter, water and sanitation) and stockpiles.

School Disaster Management Plan components: hazard identification, vulnerability assessment, resource inventory, response plan, evacuation map and roles for students and staff.

School safety measures: structural safety audit and retrofitting, non-structural safety (anchoring cupboards, shelves), fire safety, and safe evacuation routes.

Mock drills should be held regularly, be timed, be evaluated, and involve students, teachers, staff, parents and local authorities.

Students can act as change agents - spreading awareness at home on hazards, hygiene and climate, and participating in school safety clubs and eco-clubs.

Vulnerable groups needing priority in evacuation: young children, the elderly, persons with disabilities, pregnant women and the sick.

Community awareness tools: street plays, wall writing, posters, community radio, SMS alerts and volunteer networks such as Aapda Mitra.

DRABC sequence: check Danger, Response, Airway, Breathing and Circulation before giving care; call for help early.

Adult CPR: chest compressions at 100-120 per minute, depth 5-6 cm, ratio of 30 compressions to 2 rescue breaths; continue until help or recovery.

Severe bleeding: apply direct pressure with a clean cloth, elevate the limb where possible, and do not remove embedded objects.

Burns: cool with clean running water for about 20 minutes, remove tight items, cover with a clean non-stick dressing; never apply oil, toothpaste or ice.

Fractures: immobilise the limb with a splint, support above and below the break, and do not attempt to straighten a deformed limb.

Choking in a conscious adult: give up to 5 back blows, then up to 5 abdominal thrusts (Heimlich manoeuvre), alternating until the object clears.

Snake bite: keep the victim calm and still, immobilise the bitten limb below heart level, remove rings, and transport to hospital; do not cut, suck or apply a tight tourniquet.

Heat stroke: move to shade, remove excess clothing, cool with wet cloths and fanning, and give fluids if conscious; call emergency services.

Recovery position: for an unconscious but breathing casualty, place on the side to keep the airway open and prevent choking on vomit.

Greenhouse gases (CO2, methane, nitrous oxide, water vapour) trap heat; rising concentrations warm the atmosphere and intensify the hydrological cycle.

Observed trends: rising mean temperatures, more frequent heat waves, heavier short-duration rainfall, glacier retreat, sea-level rise and ocean acidification.

Climate change increases disaster risk by raising hazard frequency and intensity, and by worsening vulnerability through crop failure, water scarcity and displacement.

India's National Action Plan on Climate Change (2008) has eight national missions, including solar, water, sustainable agriculture and strategic knowledge.

India's updated Nationally Determined Contribution targets net-zero emissions by 2070 and reduced emissions intensity of GDP by 2030.

Climate adaptation (adjusting to impacts) differs from mitigation (reducing emissions); DRR overlaps both through resilient infrastructure and early warning.

Ecosystem-based adaptation - mangroves, wetlands, forests - buffers coasts and floods while storing carbon.

Climate-induced displacement and migration create new vulnerability, and disaster management must plan for slow-onset events such as drought and sea-level rise.

Disaster = a serious disruption of a community's functioning causing widespread human, material, economic or environmental losses that exceed the community's capacity to cope using its own resources.

Hazard is a potential event or condition; vulnerability is the conditions that make people susceptible to loss; risk is the probability of harmful consequences from the interaction of hazard, vulnerability and capacity.

Risk (R) = Hazard (H) × Vulnerability (V) ÷ Capacity (C): raising capacity lowers risk without changing the hazard.

Hazard types: natural (geophysical, hydrological, meteorological, climatological, biological) and human-induced (technological, industrial, transport, conflict).

Disaster management cycle phases: mitigation and prevention, preparedness, response/relief, recovery and rehabilitation, then back to mitigation.

Mitigation reduces hazard impact (embankments, earthquake-resistant construction); preparedness readies people and systems (drills, early warning, stockpiles).

Vulnerability factors: poverty, age, disability, gender, caste, location, poor housing, lack of awareness, weak infrastructure and governance.

Capacity includes resources, skills, institutions, social networks and traditional knowledge available to reduce risk or respond.

Disaster vs emergency: an emergency is manageable with routine resources; a disaster overwhelms local response capacity and needs external help.

India's hazard profile: about 59% of land is earthquake-prone, 12% flood-prone, 8% cyclone-prone, and 70% of land is drought-prone in some degree; roughly 85% of the coastline is cyclone-exposed.

Seismic zones per IS 1893: Zone II (low), III (moderate), IV (severe), V (very severe); Zone V includes parts of Kashmir, Himachal, north Bihar, Kutch and the Andaman & Nicobar Islands.

Floods are the most frequent disaster in India, driven by monsoon rainfall, river overflow, cyclones, cloudbursts and poor drainage; the Ganga-Brahmaputra plains are most affected.

Cyclones form over warm seas (sea surface temperature above about 26-27°C); the Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea coasts face pre-monsoon and post-monsoon cyclone seasons.

Drought types: meteorological, hydrological, agricultural and socio-economic; Rajasthan, Marathwada and parts of Bundelkhand are chronically drought-prone.

Landslides cluster in the Himalayan belt and Western Ghats, triggered by heavy rain, slope cutting, deforestation and construction.

Earthquake magnitude is measured on the Richter scale (logarithmic); intensity is measured by the Modified Mercalli scale and describes shaking and damage at a place.

Tsunami waves are generated by undersea earthquakes, landslides or volcanic eruptions; the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami struck Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala and Andaman & Nicobar.

Biological hazards include epidemics (dengue, malaria, cholera) and pest attacks; heat waves are notified as a disaster in several Indian states.

Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030 has four priorities: understanding disaster risk; strengthening disaster risk governance; investing in DRR for resilience; enhancing preparedness for effective response and Build Back Better.

Sendai has seven global targets, including reducing mortality, affected persons, economic loss and infrastructure damage, and increasing early warning and DRR strategies.

Hazard mapping and risk assessment identify exposure and vulnerability; they inform land-use planning, building codes and evacuation routes.

Early warning system chain: risk knowledge, monitoring and forecasting, dissemination and communication, and response capability.

Structural measures (embankments, check dams, retrofitting, shelters) and non-structural measures (codes, zoning, insurance, training, drills) together reduce risk.

Preparedness tools: disaster management plans, incident response systems, emergency operations centres, stockpiles, mock drills, and community task forces.

Building codes relevant to India: IS 1893 (earthquake design), IS 4326 (earthquake-resistant construction), IS 13920 (ductile detailing) and the National Building Code 2016.

Community-Based Disaster Risk Management (CBDRM) places the community at the centre of hazard assessment, planning, mitigation and response.

Response begins with warning dissemination and evacuation, followed by search and rescue, first aid, triage, shelter, water and sanitation, food and psychosocial support.

Incident Command System principle: unity of command and a clear chain - incident commander, operations, planning, logistics and finance/administration sections.

Triage sorts casualties by urgency so scarce resources save the most lives; colour tags are typically red (immediate), yellow (delayed), green (minor) and black (deceased/expectant).

The golden hours after an earthquake are the first 72 hours for finding survivors; rescue prioritises lightly trapped victims and accessible voids.

Relief standards: minimum water, food, shelter and sanitation per person per day are set in the Sphere Standards; relief must be needs-based, timely and equitable.

Relief should respect dignity, avoid duplication, and be transparent; distribution records prevent leakage and support accountability.

In India, the National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) is the specialised federal search-and-rescue force; State Disaster Response Forces (SDRF) support states.

The National Emergency Response Centre and the India Disaster Resource Network support coordination and resource mobilisation during response.

Uttar Pradesh is highly flood-prone: the Ganga, Ghaghara, Sharda, Rapti, Gandak, Yamuna and Betwa cause recurrent flooding, especially in the eastern districts.

Eastern UP districts such as Gorakhpur, Bahraich, Gonda, Siddharthnagar, Balrampur, Sant Kabir Nagar and Basti face repeated flood losses; the Rapti and Ghaghara are major culprits.

UP lies largely in seismic Zones III and IV, with the Himalayan foothills and parts of western UP in higher-risk zones; drought affects Bundelkhand.

The UP Disaster Management Act, 2005 established the UP State Disaster Management Authority (UPSDMA), chaired by the Chief Minister, with a State Executive Committee for implementation.

District Disaster Management Authorities (DDMAs) in each district are chaired by the District Magistrate and prepare district disaster management plans.

UP has a State Disaster Response Force and trained flood rescue battalions; the Provincial Armed Constabulary (PAC) provides flood relief support.

UP's flood preparedness includes embankment monitoring, flood forecasting by the Central Water Commission, relief camps, boat deployment and community warning systems.

UP observes disaster reduction activities and runs school safety and awareness programmes through the Relief Commissioner's office and the education department.

Community is the first responder: local people act in the critical minutes before outside help arrives, so their capacity determines survival rates.

Community-based preparedness includes hazard mapping, early warning chains, evacuation routes, task forces (search and rescue, first aid, shelter, water and sanitation) and stockpiles.

School Disaster Management Plan components: hazard identification, vulnerability assessment, resource inventory, response plan, evacuation map and roles for students and staff.

School safety measures: structural safety audit and retrofitting, non-structural safety (anchoring cupboards, shelves), fire safety, and safe evacuation routes.

Mock drills should be held regularly, be timed, be evaluated, and involve students, teachers, staff, parents and local authorities.

Students can act as change agents - spreading awareness at home on hazards, hygiene and climate, and participating in school safety clubs and eco-clubs.

Vulnerable groups needing priority in evacuation: young children, the elderly, persons with disabilities, pregnant women and the sick.

Community awareness tools: street plays, wall writing, posters, community radio, SMS alerts and volunteer networks such as Aapda Mitra.

DRABC sequence: check Danger, Response, Airway, Breathing and Circulation before giving care; call for help early.

Adult CPR: chest compressions at 100-120 per minute, depth 5-6 cm, ratio of 30 compressions to 2 rescue breaths; continue until help or recovery.

Severe bleeding: apply direct pressure with a clean cloth, elevate the limb where possible, and do not remove embedded objects.

Burns: cool with clean running water for about 20 minutes, remove tight items, cover with a clean non-stick dressing; never apply oil, toothpaste or ice.

Fractures: immobilise the limb with a splint, support above and below the break, and do not attempt to straighten a deformed limb.

Choking in a conscious adult: give up to 5 back blows, then up to 5 abdominal thrusts (Heimlich manoeuvre), alternating until the object clears.

Snake bite: keep the victim calm and still, immobilise the bitten limb below heart level, remove rings, and transport to hospital; do not cut, suck or apply a tight tourniquet.

Heat stroke: move to shade, remove excess clothing, cool with wet cloths and fanning, and give fluids if conscious; call emergency services.

Recovery position: for an unconscious but breathing casualty, place on the side to keep the airway open and prevent choking on vomit.

Greenhouse gases (CO2, methane, nitrous oxide, water vapour) trap heat; rising concentrations warm the atmosphere and intensify the hydrological cycle.

Observed trends: rising mean temperatures, more frequent heat waves, heavier short-duration rainfall, glacier retreat, sea-level rise and ocean acidification.

Climate change increases disaster risk by raising hazard frequency and intensity, and by worsening vulnerability through crop failure, water scarcity and displacement.

India's National Action Plan on Climate Change (2008) has eight national missions, including solar, water, sustainable agriculture and strategic knowledge.

India's updated Nationally Determined Contribution targets net-zero emissions by 2070 and reduced emissions intensity of GDP by 2030.

Climate adaptation (adjusting to impacts) differs from mitigation (reducing emissions); DRR overlaps both through resilient infrastructure and early warning.

Ecosystem-based adaptation - mangroves, wetlands, forests - buffers coasts and floods while storing carbon.

Climate-induced displacement and migration create new vulnerability, and disaster management must plan for slow-onset events such as drought and sea-level rise.

Disaster = a serious disruption of a community's functioning causing widespread human, material, economic or environmental losses that exceed the community's capacity to cope using its own resources.

Hazard is a potential event or condition; vulnerability is the conditions that make people susceptible to loss; risk is the probability of harmful consequences from the interaction of hazard, vulnerability and capacity.

Risk (R) = Hazard (H) × Vulnerability (V) ÷ Capacity (C): raising capacity lowers risk without changing the hazard.

Hazard types: natural (geophysical, hydrological, meteorological, climatological, biological) and human-induced (technological, industrial, transport, conflict).

Disaster management cycle phases: mitigation and prevention, preparedness, response/relief, recovery and rehabilitation, then back to mitigation.

Mitigation reduces hazard impact (embankments, earthquake-resistant construction); preparedness readies people and systems (drills, early warning, stockpiles).

Vulnerability factors: poverty, age, disability, gender, caste, location, poor housing, lack of awareness, weak infrastructure and governance.

Capacity includes resources, skills, institutions, social networks and traditional knowledge available to reduce risk or respond.

Disaster vs emergency: an emergency is manageable with routine resources; a disaster overwhelms local response capacity and needs external help.

India's hazard profile: about 59% of land is earthquake-prone, 12% flood-prone, 8% cyclone-prone, and 70% of land is drought-prone in some degree; roughly 85% of the coastline is cyclone-exposed.

Seismic zones per IS 1893: Zone II (low), III (moderate), IV (severe), V (very severe); Zone V includes parts of Kashmir, Himachal, north Bihar, Kutch and the Andaman & Nicobar Islands.

Floods are the most frequent disaster in India, driven by monsoon rainfall, river overflow, cyclones, cloudbursts and poor drainage; the Ganga-Brahmaputra plains are most affected.

Cyclones form over warm seas (sea surface temperature above about 26-27°C); the Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea coasts face pre-monsoon and post-monsoon cyclone seasons.

Drought types: meteorological, hydrological, agricultural and socio-economic; Rajasthan, Marathwada and parts of Bundelkhand are chronically drought-prone.

Landslides cluster in the Himalayan belt and Western Ghats, triggered by heavy rain, slope cutting, deforestation and construction.

Earthquake magnitude is measured on the Richter scale (logarithmic); intensity is measured by the Modified Mercalli scale and describes shaking and damage at a place.

Tsunami waves are generated by undersea earthquakes, landslides or volcanic eruptions; the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami struck Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala and Andaman & Nicobar.

Biological hazards include epidemics (dengue, malaria, cholera) and pest attacks; heat waves are notified as a disaster in several Indian states.

Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030 has four priorities: understanding disaster risk; strengthening disaster risk governance; investing in DRR for resilience; enhancing preparedness for effective response and Build Back Better.

Sendai has seven global targets, including reducing mortality, affected persons, economic loss and infrastructure damage, and increasing early warning and DRR strategies.

Hazard mapping and risk assessment identify exposure and vulnerability; they inform land-use planning, building codes and evacuation routes.

Early warning system chain: risk knowledge, monitoring and forecasting, dissemination and communication, and response capability.

Structural measures (embankments, check dams, retrofitting, shelters) and non-structural measures (codes, zoning, insurance, training, drills) together reduce risk.

Preparedness tools: disaster management plans, incident response systems, emergency operations centres, stockpiles, mock drills, and community task forces.

Building codes relevant to India: IS 1893 (earthquake design), IS 4326 (earthquake-resistant construction), IS 13920 (ductile detailing) and the National Building Code 2016.

Community-Based Disaster Risk Management (CBDRM) places the community at the centre of hazard assessment, planning, mitigation and response.

Response begins with warning dissemination and evacuation, followed by search and rescue, first aid, triage, shelter, water and sanitation, food and psychosocial support.

Incident Command System principle: unity of command and a clear chain - incident commander, operations, planning, logistics and finance/administration sections.

Triage sorts casualties by urgency so scarce resources save the most lives; colour tags are typically red (immediate), yellow (delayed), green (minor) and black (deceased/expectant).

The golden hours after an earthquake are the first 72 hours for finding survivors; rescue prioritises lightly trapped victims and accessible voids.

Relief standards: minimum water, food, shelter and sanitation per person per day are set in the Sphere Standards; relief must be needs-based, timely and equitable.

Relief should respect dignity, avoid duplication, and be transparent; distribution records prevent leakage and support accountability.

In India, the National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) is the specialised federal search-and-rescue force; State Disaster Response Forces (SDRF) support states.

The National Emergency Response Centre and the India Disaster Resource Network support coordination and resource mobilisation during response.

Uttar Pradesh is highly flood-prone: the Ganga, Ghaghara, Sharda, Rapti, Gandak, Yamuna and Betwa cause recurrent flooding, especially in the eastern districts.

Eastern UP districts such as Gorakhpur, Bahraich, Gonda, Siddharthnagar, Balrampur, Sant Kabir Nagar and Basti face repeated flood losses; the Rapti and Ghaghara are major culprits.

UP lies largely in seismic Zones III and IV, with the Himalayan foothills and parts of western UP in higher-risk zones; drought affects Bundelkhand.

The UP Disaster Management Act, 2005 established the UP State Disaster Management Authority (UPSDMA), chaired by the Chief Minister, with a State Executive Committee for implementation.

District Disaster Management Authorities (DDMAs) in each district are chaired by the District Magistrate and prepare district disaster management plans.

UP has a State Disaster Response Force and trained flood rescue battalions; the Provincial Armed Constabulary (PAC) provides flood relief support.

UP's flood preparedness includes embankment monitoring, flood forecasting by the Central Water Commission, relief camps, boat deployment and community warning systems.

UP observes disaster reduction activities and runs school safety and awareness programmes through the Relief Commissioner's office and the education department.

Community is the first responder: local people act in the critical minutes before outside help arrives, so their capacity determines survival rates.

Community-based preparedness includes hazard mapping, early warning chains, evacuation routes, task forces (search and rescue, first aid, shelter, water and sanitation) and stockpiles.

School Disaster Management Plan components: hazard identification, vulnerability assessment, resource inventory, response plan, evacuation map and roles for students and staff.

School safety measures: structural safety audit and retrofitting, non-structural safety (anchoring cupboards, shelves), fire safety, and safe evacuation routes.

Mock drills should be held regularly, be timed, be evaluated, and involve students, teachers, staff, parents and local authorities.

Students can act as change agents - spreading awareness at home on hazards, hygiene and climate, and participating in school safety clubs and eco-clubs.

Vulnerable groups needing priority in evacuation: young children, the elderly, persons with disabilities, pregnant women and the sick.

Community awareness tools: street plays, wall writing, posters, community radio, SMS alerts and volunteer networks such as Aapda Mitra.

DRABC sequence: check Danger, Response, Airway, Breathing and Circulation before giving care; call for help early.

Adult CPR: chest compressions at 100-120 per minute, depth 5-6 cm, ratio of 30 compressions to 2 rescue breaths; continue until help or recovery.

Severe bleeding: apply direct pressure with a clean cloth, elevate the limb where possible, and do not remove embedded objects.

Burns: cool with clean running water for about 20 minutes, remove tight items, cover with a clean non-stick dressing; never apply oil, toothpaste or ice.

Fractures: immobilise the limb with a splint, support above and below the break, and do not attempt to straighten a deformed limb.

Choking in a conscious adult: give up to 5 back blows, then up to 5 abdominal thrusts (Heimlich manoeuvre), alternating until the object clears.

Snake bite: keep the victim calm and still, immobilise the bitten limb below heart level, remove rings, and transport to hospital; do not cut, suck or apply a tight tourniquet.

Heat stroke: move to shade, remove excess clothing, cool with wet cloths and fanning, and give fluids if conscious; call emergency services.

Recovery position: for an unconscious but breathing casualty, place on the side to keep the airway open and prevent choking on vomit.

Greenhouse gases (CO2, methane, nitrous oxide, water vapour) trap heat; rising concentrations warm the atmosphere and intensify the hydrological cycle.

Observed trends: rising mean temperatures, more frequent heat waves, heavier short-duration rainfall, glacier retreat, sea-level rise and ocean acidification.

Climate change increases disaster risk by raising hazard frequency and intensity, and by worsening vulnerability through crop failure, water scarcity and displacement.

India's National Action Plan on Climate Change (2008) has eight national missions, including solar, water, sustainable agriculture and strategic knowledge.

India's updated Nationally Determined Contribution targets net-zero emissions by 2070 and reduced emissions intensity of GDP by 2030.

Climate adaptation (adjusting to impacts) differs from mitigation (reducing emissions); DRR overlaps both through resilient infrastructure and early warning.

Ecosystem-based adaptation - mangroves, wetlands, forests - buffers coasts and floods while storing carbon.

Climate-induced displacement and migration create new vulnerability, and disaster management must plan for slow-onset events such as drought and sea-level rise.