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UPMSP Intermediate Pali study materials
UPMSP Intermediate Pali study resources

UPMSP Intermediate Pali practice questions

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Question 1Pali language: script, grammar, and translation

In the standard Pali Roman transliteration, which letter set represents the five nasal consonants in their traditional order (velar to labial)?

  1. ṅ, ñ, ṇ, n, m Correct answer.
  2. n, m, ṅ, ñ, ṇ
  3. m, n, ṇ, ñ, ṅ
  4. ṅ, ṇ, ñ, n, m

Explanation

Pali arranges the nasals by place of articulation, moving from the throat forward: velar ṅ, palatal ñ, retroflex ṇ, dental n, and labial m. This order mirrors the vaggas of the consonant series, so memorising the sequence helps in both pronunciation and sandhi work.

Question 2Pali language: script, grammar, and translation

Which pair correctly distinguishes a long (dīgha) vowel from its short (rassa) counterpart in Pali transliteration?

  1. a / i
  2. i / u
  3. a / ā Correct answer.
  4. e / o

Explanation

A macron marks vowel length in Pali Roman script, so ā is simply the long partner of short a. Length is phonemic in Pali and affects both meaning and metre, which is why editors are careful to print the macron.

Question 3Pali language: script, grammar, and translation

In the Pali noun declension of 'buddha' (masculine, a-stem), which form is the instrumental singular?

  1. buddhassa
  2. buddhāya
  3. buddhāni
  4. buddhena Correct answer.

Explanation

Masculine a-stem nouns take the instrumental singular ending -ena, giving buddhena, meaning 'by/with the Buddha'. The ending -ena is one of the most frequent case markers a reader will meet in prose passages.

Question 4Pali language: script, grammar, and translation

What does the Pali optative (potential) mood, marked by endings such as -eyya, typically express?

  1. A completed action in past time
  2. A wish, possibility, or polite injunction Correct answer.
  3. A command in the imperative second person
  4. Continuous action in the present

Explanation

The optative, often called the potential or precative in Pali grammars, expresses what could, should, or might happen, including blessings and softened commands. It is distinct from the imperative, which issues a direct order, and from the indicative, which states fact.

Question 5Pali language: script, grammar, and translation

Which Pali word is a correct rendering of the English 'he goes' in the present indicative, third person singular?

  1. gacchanti
  2. gacchāmi
  3. gacchati Correct answer.
  4. gacchasi

Explanation

The present third person singular ending for this verb class is -ti, so gacchati means 'he/she/it goes'. Recognising the personal endings -mi, -si, -ti, -ma, -tha, -nti is essential for parsing any present-tense sentence.

Question 6Pali language: script, grammar, and translation

In Pali syntax, what is the usual position and function of the particle 'ca'?

  1. It follows the word it joins and means 'and' Correct answer.
  2. It negates the following verb
  3. It ends the sentence and marks the past tense
  4. It precedes the clause and marks a question

Explanation

The enclitic ca is placed after the item it coordinates and corresponds to English 'and'. Because it is enclitic, it never stands first in a sentence and may be repeated after each member of a list.

Question 7Pali language: script, grammar, and translation

Which of these is the standard Pali word for 'mind' or 'thought', frequently appearing in doctrinal passages?

  1. citta Correct answer.
  2. cetiya
  3. cīvara
  4. catu

Explanation

Citta denotes mind, thought, or mental state and is central to passages on mental cultivation. The similar-looking cīvara means a monk's robe, so careful attention to vowel length and consonant shape prevents confusion.

Question 8Pali language: script, grammar, and translation

When transliterating Pali into the Devanagari script, how is the sound 'ṭha' represented?

  1. ट
  2. ठ Correct answer.
  3. थ
  4. ध

Explanation

Devanagari distinguishes retroflex from dental consonants by shape: ठ is the retroflex aspirate ṭha, while थ is its dental counterpart tha. The underdot in Roman transliteration signals exactly this retroflex articulation.

Question 9Pali language: script, grammar, and translation

In the Pali compound 'dhammacakka', what is the relationship between the two members?

  1. The second member qualifies the first, giving 'Dhamma of the wheel'
  2. The first member qualifies the second, giving 'the wheel of Dhamma' Correct answer.
  3. The two members are in apposition, both naming the same thing
  4. The compound is a bahubbīhi describing a person

Explanation

Dhammacakka is a dependent determinative (tappurisa) compound in which the first member, dhamma, specifies the second, cakka, so the sense is 'the wheel of Dhamma'. In such compounds the final member carries the main meaning while the earlier member restricts it.

Question 10Pali language: script, grammar, and translation

Which sentence correctly applies Pali sandhi when joining 'na' + 'atthi'?

  1. naatthi
  2. natthi Correct answer.
  3. nātthi
  4. na-atthi

Explanation

When the negative particle na is followed by a vowel-initial word such as atthi, the a elides and the consonants combine, producing natthi, meaning 'there is not'. This contraction is a standard sandhi outcome and appears constantly in canonical prose.

Question 11Pali language: script, grammar, and translation

A Pali sentence reads 'bhikkhū dhammaṃ desenti'. Which translation is accurate?

  1. The monks teach the Dhamma Correct answer.
  2. The monks learn the Dhamma
  3. The monk teaches the Dhamma
  4. The Dhamma teaches the monks

Explanation

The ending -ū marks a plural nominative subject, and desenti is third person plural present, 'they teach', with dhammaṃ as accusative object. The whole clause therefore reads 'the monks teach the Dhamma'.

Question 12Pali language: script, grammar, and translation

In Pali, what does the absolutive ending -tvā (as in 'gantvā') express?

  1. An action completed before the main verb Correct answer.
  2. A purpose still to be achieved
  3. A repeated habitual action
  4. A condition contrary to fact

Explanation

The absolutive, or gerund, marks an action finished before the main verb of the sentence, so gantvā means 'having gone'. It shares its subject with the main clause and does not inflect for person.

Question 13Pali language: script, grammar, and translation

Which form is the correct genitive plural of the masculine a-stem noun 'deva'?

  1. devāni
  2. devānaṃ Correct answer.
  3. devassa
  4. devehi

Explanation

The genitive plural of masculine a-stems ends in -ānaṃ, giving devānaṃ, 'of the gods'. This ending is extremely common in canonical phrases such as 'devānaṃ piyo'.

Question 14Pali language: script, grammar, and translation

In Pali word order, what is the normal position of the finite verb in an unmarked prose sentence?

  1. Immediately after the subject
  2. At the end of the clause Correct answer.
  3. Between every noun and its adjective
  4. At the very beginning

Explanation

Classical Pali prose usually places the finite verb last, so the predicate closes the clause after subject and objects. Deviations occur for emphasis or metre, but the sentence-final verb is the default pattern a translator should expect.

Question 15Pali language: script, grammar, and translation

A Pali passage contains 'rājā ... upasaṅkami'. Which translation best fits the verb?

  1. The king approached Correct answer.
  2. The king spoke
  3. The king departed
  4. The king ruled

Explanation

Upasaṅkami is the aorist of upasaṅkamati, meaning 'approached' or 'went up to', a very frequent narrative verb. The aorist marks a single past event, fitting the story-telling style of the passage.

Question 16Pali language: script, grammar, and translation

What kind of compound is 'sugata', literally analysable as 'well gone' or 'faring well'?

  1. A disjunctive (dvanda) pairing two separate things
  2. A determinative (kammadhāraya) with an adverbial first member Correct answer.
  3. A repetitive (āmreḍita) compound
  4. A possessive (bahubbīhi) meaning one who has a good gait

Explanation

In sugata the first member su- functions as an adverb meaning 'well', qualifying the participle gata, so the compound is a kammadhāraya determinative. Such adverbial-prefix compounds are common epithets in Pali.

Question 17Pali language: script, grammar, and translation

Which Pali pronoun form is the instrumental singular of the first-person personal pronoun, meaning 'by me'?

  1. mayaṃ
  2. ahaṃ
  3. mayā Correct answer.
  4. mama

Explanation

The first-person pronoun uses mayā for the instrumental singular, 'by or through me'. The related forms mama (genitive, 'my') and ahaṃ (nominative, 'I') are easily confused, so learning the paradigm together helps.

Question 18Pali language: script, grammar, and translation

In the phrase 'etaṃ buddhānaṃ sāsanaṃ', how should the genitive plural be understood?

  1. 'This teaching belongs to one Buddha'
  2. 'The Buddhas are this teaching'
  3. 'This is the teaching of the Buddhas' Correct answer.
  4. 'This is a teaching for the Buddhas'

Explanation

Buddhānaṃ is genitive plural, 'of the Buddhas', so the phrase means 'this is the teaching of the Buddhas'. The genitive marks the possessor or source of the teaching, and etaṃ agrees with the neuter sāsanaṃ.

Question 19Pali language: script, grammar, and translation

Which ending set correctly distinguishes the Pali present imperative second person singular from the third person singular?

  1. -mi versus -ma
  2. -hi versus -tu Correct answer.
  3. -ti versus -nti
  4. -eyya versus -eyyuṃ

Explanation

In the imperative mood the second person singular takes -hi (or -āhi) while the third person singular takes -tu, as in gacchāhi 'go!' and gacchatu 'let him go'. These endings let a reader tell a direct command from a wish about a third party.

Question 20Pali language: script, grammar, and translation

Which is the correct Pali rendering of the numeral 'three' when it agrees with a masculine noun in the nominative plural?

  1. tayo Correct answer.
  2. tīṇi
  3. tīsu
  4. tisso

Explanation

The numeral for three inflects for gender: tayo with masculine nouns, tisso with feminine, and tīṇi with neuter. The form tīsu is a locative plural, so agreement in case and gender determines the choice.

Question 21Pali language: script, grammar, and translation

In Pali metre, what does the term 'siloka' ( Sanskrit śloka) most commonly refer to?

  1. A prose passage without fixed measure
  2. A single word repeated for emphasis
  3. A chant of twenty syllables per line
  4. A verse of eight syllables per quarter Correct answer.

Explanation

The siloka, or vatta, is the most common Pali verse metre, built of quarters of eight syllables each and organised in pairs of lines. Recognising this pattern helps when reciting canonical verses and checking textual readings.

Question 22Pali language: script, grammar, and translation

Which Pali construction correctly expresses 'when the sun rose' using a locative absolute?

  1. suriya uggata
  2. suriye uggate Correct answer.
  3. suriye uggato
  4. suriyaṃ uggataṃ

Explanation

A locative absolute pairs a noun and a participle both in the locative case, with the noun in apposition to the participle's subject: suriye uggate, 'when the sun had risen'. The participle agrees with the noun in case, number, and gender.

Question 23Pali language: script, grammar, and translation

How should the Pali particle 'api' be understood in the clause 'api ... api ...'?

  1. As a correlative meaning 'whether ... or ...' Correct answer.
  2. As a vocative address to a listener
  3. As a past-tense marker on the verb
  4. As a negative particle meaning 'not'

Explanation

When api is repeated it works correlatively, giving the sense 'whether ... or ...' or 'both ... and ...' depending on context. This usage is common in lists and in statements of alternatives within prose.

Question 24Pali language: script, grammar, and translation

A difficult passage contains 'bhagavantaṃ ... etad avoca'. Why is the verb 'avoca' best rendered as 'said' rather than 'says'?

  1. It is a future form marking what will happen
  2. It is an aorist form marking a past event Correct answer.
  3. It is a present participle modifying the subject
  4. It is an imperative form giving a command

Explanation

Avoca belongs to the aorist, the tense used for a completed past action, so it translates as 'said' or 'spoke'. This formula, 'etad avoca', recurs in canonical sutta openings and always carries past reference.

Question 25Pali language: script, grammar, and translation

In the compound 'lokassa ... attho', if a commentary glosses 'attho' here as 'welfare', which analysis best fits the phrase 'lokānukampāya'?

  1. A kammadhāraya meaning 'compassionate world'
  2. A dvanda meaning 'the world and compassion'
  3. An āmreḍita meaning 'world upon world'
  4. A bahubbīhi or tappurisa-style compound meaning 'out of compassion for the world' Correct answer.

Explanation

Lokānukampāya is a compound in which loka ('world') is the object of anukampā ('compassion'), so the whole means 'compassion for the world', used in the dative/instrumental sense 'out of compassion for the world'. The commentary tradition treats such forms as dependent determinatives.

Question 26Pali language: script, grammar, and translation

In the Pali canon as written in the Sinhala script, which letter is used to represent the aspirated retroflex consonant written 'ṭha' in Latin transliteration?

  1. ඪ
  2. ඨ Correct answer.
  3. ථ
  4. ට

Explanation

Sinhala script preserves the Indic four-way contrast of retroflex versus dental and unaspirated versus aspirated. The letter ඨ stands for the retroflex aspirated stop ṭha, matching the Brahmi-derived series. Its unaspirated partner is a different letter, so the contrast must be kept distinct.

Question 27Pali language: script, grammar, and translation

A Pali sentence reads 'so bhikkhu ārāmaṃ gato hoti'. Which translation best captures the construction?

  1. That monk has gone to the park. Correct answer.
  2. That monk will go to the park.
  3. That monk goes to the park.
  4. That monk is going to the park.

Explanation

The combination of a past participle (gato) with the present tense of the verb 'to be' (hoti) forms a perfect or resultant-state construction in Pali. It describes a completed action whose result stands, hence 'has gone'. A simple present or future reading ignores the participle.

Question 28Pali language: script, grammar, and translation

Which is the correct dative singular form of the masculine a-stem noun 'buddha'?

  1. buddhena
  2. buddhāya
  3. buddhānaṃ
  4. buddhassa Correct answer.

Explanation

For masculine a-stem nouns the dative singular ending is -ssa, identical in form to the genitive singular. Thus buddhassa means 'to/for the Buddha' or 'of the Buddha'. The other endings belong to different cases and numbers.

Question 29Pali language: script, grammar, and translation

In the Pali compound 'dhammasāla', meaning an assembly hall for hearing the teaching, what is the grammatical relation of the first member to the second?

  1. The first member is a genitive or dative determinant qualifying the second. Correct answer.
  2. The two members stand in apposition, naming the same thing.
  3. The first member is a numeral counting the second.
  4. The second member qualifies the first as an adjective.

Explanation

This is a dependent-determinative (tappurisa) compound in which the first member would, if resolved, stand in an oblique case such as the genitive or dative. The head word is the second member, the hall, and the first specifies its purpose. Appositional and adjectival analyses would reverse or flatten that relation.

Question 30Pali language: script, grammar, and translation

Which Pali form is the correct instrumental singular of the feminine ā-stem noun 'saddhā' (faith)?

  1. saddhānaṃ
  2. saddhāyaṃ
  3. saddhāsu
  4. saddhāya Correct answer.

Explanation

Feminine ā-stem nouns form the instrumental singular in -āya, so saddhāya means 'by faith' or 'with faith'. This ending also serves as dative, ablative and genitive singular. The other forms are locative, plural and locative plural respectively.

Question 31Pali language: script, grammar, and translation

Which sentence correctly applies Pali sandhi when joining 'so' + 'ahaṃ'?

  1. sāhaṃ
  2. so ahaṃ
  3. sohaṃ Correct answer.
  4. sahaṃ

Explanation

When a final -o is followed by a vowel, the two are commonly fused: the -o is elided and the initial vowel lengthened where applicable, giving sohaṃ. This is the standard vowel-sandhi pattern found throughout canonical prose. Leaving the words unjoined is not wrong in itself but does not display sandhi.

Question 32Pali language: script, grammar, and translation

In Pali, what does the suffix -tara added to an adjective such as 'paṇītatara' express?

  1. Comparison between two items, the comparative degree. Correct answer.
  2. The superlative degree among many items.
  3. A past tense verbal notion.
  4. A diminutive or depreciatory sense.

Explanation

The suffix -tara forms the comparative degree, used when two things are weighed against each other. The superlative is normally formed with -tama. Confusing the two is a frequent error when reading commentarial Pali.

Question 33Pali language: script, grammar, and translation

A passage reads 'satthā bhikkhū āha'. Which rendering of the verb is correct?

  1. is saying
  2. will say
  3. said (to them) Correct answer.
  4. having said

Explanation

The form āha is an old perfect used with present meaning, 'he/she said', and is common in canonical narrative. It is a finite verb, not a participle, so it cannot be rendered 'having said'. It refers to a completed speech act.

Question 34Pali language: script, grammar, and translation

Which ending marks the Pali present imperative, second person plural, in a verb such as 'gacchati'?

  1. -eyya
  2. -tha Correct answer.
  3. -tu
  4. -mi

Explanation

The imperative second person plural takes -tha, giving gacchatha, 'you all should go'. The imperative singular third person takes -tu, and -mi marks first person singular. The optative ending -eyya expresses possibility rather than command.

Question 35Pali language: script, grammar, and translation

In the phrase 'imasmiṃ sati idaṃ hoti', what does the construction express?

  1. A comparison: this is like that.
  2. A question: does this exist?
  3. A conditional relation: when this exists, that comes to be. Correct answer.
  4. A prohibition: this must not exist.

Explanation

This is the classic formula of dependent arising, using a locative absolute (imasmiṃ sati) with a present indicative main clause. It states conditionality: given the presence of one factor, the next arises. It is not a command, comparison, or interrogative.

Question 36Pali language: script, grammar, and translation

Which Pali word correctly renders the numeral 'four' agreeing with a masculine noun in the nominative plural?

  1. cattāri
  2. catasso
  3. catunnaṃ
  4. cattāro Correct answer.

Explanation

The numeral four agrees in gender and case with its noun, and the masculine nominative plural form is cattāro, as in cattāro bhikkhū. The feminine and neuter forms differ, and the genitive plural is a separate form. Choosing by gender is essential.

Question 37Pali language: script, grammar, and translation

A commentary explains a word by the phrase 'dhammo ti vuccati'. How is the particle 'ti' functioning here?

  1. It joins two equal nouns as 'and'.
  2. It expresses doubt.
  3. It marks a question.
  4. It closes a quoted word or statement, equivalent to quotation marks. Correct answer.

Explanation

The enclitic 'ti' marks the end of a quoted or cited expression, functioning much like quotation marks or 'thus'. Commentaries use it constantly when glossing a term. It does not carry interrogative or dubitative force.

Question 38Pali language: script, grammar, and translation

In the compound 'buddhānussati', what is the relation of the members and how is it best resolved?

  1. A genitive dependent-determinative: recollection of the Buddha. Correct answer.
  2. A coordinative compound: Buddha and recollection.
  3. A dvanda with a plural sense: recollections and Buddhas.
  4. A bahubbīhi: one who recollects the Buddha.

Explanation

The first member, buddha, stands in a genitive relation to the second, anussati, recollection. Resolving the compound gives 'recollection of the Buddha', one of the standard meditations. It is not a pair of coordinated items nor an adjective describing a person.

Question 39Pali language: script, grammar, and translation

Which Pali expression correctly renders 'in the monastery' using the locative case of the masculine a-stem 'ārāma'?

  1. ārāmassa
  2. ārāmena
  3. ārāme Correct answer.
  4. ārāmaṃ

Explanation

The locative singular of a masculine a-stem noun ends in -e, so ārāme means 'in/at the monastery'. This ending also serves as the locative of the plural for the same stems. The accusative, genitive and instrumental take different endings.

Question 40Pali language: script, grammar, and translation

A difficult verse contains 'na hi etehi yānehi gaccheyya agataṃ disaṃ'. Why is 'gaccheyya' best rendered as 'one would go' rather than 'one goes'?

  1. It is a past participle describing a completed action.
  2. It is a future form predicting a definite event.
  3. It is optative, expressing what could or should be done, not a plain statement of fact. Correct answer.
  4. It is imperative, expressing a direct command.

Explanation

The ending -eyya marks the optative mood, used for possibility, fitness or hypothetical statement. In this verse the sense is that by such vehicles one would not reach the unvisited quarter. A plain present or a command misrepresents the modal force.

Question 41Pali literature: history, texts, and authors

पालि साहित्य के इतिहास में 'त्रिपिटक' शब्द के तीन भाग कौन-कौन से हैं?

  1. सुत्त, जातक, विनय
  2. सुत्त, अभिधम्म, विनय
  3. अभिधम्म, विनय, जातक
  4. विनय, सुत्त, अभिधम्म Correct answer.

Explanation

त्रिपिटक का शाब्दिक अर्थ 'तीन पिटक' है और पालि परंपरा में इसका क्रम विनय पिटक, सुत्त पिटक तथा अभिधम्म पिटक माना जाता है। विनय में भिक्षु-संघ के नियम, सुत्त में उपदेश-सूत्र और अभिधम्म में दार्शनिक विश्लेषण संग्रहित है।

Question 42Pali literature: history, texts, and authors

पालि सुत्त पिटक के पाँच निकायों में सबसे अंतिम निकाय कौन-सा है?

  1. अंगुत्तर निकाय
  2. दीघ निकाय
  3. खुद्दक निकाय Correct answer.
  4. मज्झिम निकाय

Explanation

सुत्त पिटक के पाँच निकाय दीघ, मज्झिम, संयुत्त, अंगुत्तर और खुद्दक हैं, जिनमें खुद्दक निकाय अंतिम स्थान पर आता है। इसमें धम्मपद, उदान, इतिवुत्तक, जातक आदि अनेक स्वतंत्र ग्रंथ संग्रहीत हैं।

Question 43Pali literature: history, texts, and authors

'धम्मपद' पालि साहित्य में किस निकाय के अंतर्गत रखा गया है?

  1. खुद्दक निकाय Correct answer.
  2. संयुत्त निकाय
  3. अभिधम्म पिटक
  4. दीघ निकाय

Explanation

धम्मपद गाथाओं का संग्रह है और परंपरा में इसे खुद्दक निकाय के अंतर्गत गिनाया जाता है। इसमें 423 गाथाएँ विभिन्न वग्गों में संयोजित हैं, जो नैतिक उपदेश प्रस्तुत करती हैं।

Question 44Pali literature: history, texts, and authors

पालि भाषा की साहित्यिक परंपरा में 'अट्ठकथा' का क्या अर्थ है?

  1. भिक्षु-नियमों की सूची
  2. जातक कथाओं का संग्रह
  3. देवताओं की स्तुति
  4. मूल पाठ की टीका या भाष्य Correct answer.

Explanation

अट्ठकथा का अर्थ है व्याख्या या भाष्य, जो मूल पालि पाठ की अर्थ-व्याख्या प्रस्तुत करती है। बुद्धघोस की अट्ठकथाएँ पालि भाष्य साहित्य का सर्वाधिक प्रसिद्ध उदाहरण हैं।

Question 45Pali literature: history, texts, and authors

आचार्य बुद्धघोस को पालि परंपरा में किस कार्य के लिए विशेष रूप से जाना जाता है?

  1. धम्मपद की गाथाओं की रचना
  2. अट्ठकथाओं का प्रणयन Correct answer.
  3. विनय पिटक का मूल संकलन
  4. मिलिंदपञ्ह का अनुवाद

Explanation

बुद्धघोस को पालि भाष्य साहित्य के प्रमुख रचयिता माना जाता है, जिन्होंने अनेक अट्ठकथाओं का प्रणयन किया। परंपरा के अनुसार उन्होंने महाविहार में रहकर सिंहल भाषा की परंपराओं के आधार पर ये व्याख्याएँ लिखीं।

Question 46Pali literature: history, texts, and authors

'विसुद्धिमग्ग' के रचयिता कौन माने जाते हैं?

  1. आचार्य बुद्धघोस Correct answer.
  2. आचार्य धम्मपाल
  3. आचार्य उपतिस्स
  4. आचार्य नागसेन

Explanation

विसुद्धिमग्ग पालि अभिधम्म और विपश्यना परंपरा का प्रसिद्ध ग्रंथ है, जिसका रचयितृत्व बुद्धघोस को दिया जाता है। ग्रंथ में शील, समाधि और पञ्ञा के क्रम में विशुद्धि का विस्तृत वर्णन है।

Question 47Pali literature: history, texts, and authors

'मिलिंदपञ्ह' में किन दो पात्रों के बीच धर्म-संवाद प्रस्तुत है?

  1. राजा बिम्बिसार और सारिपुत्त
  2. राजा मिलिंद और भिक्षु नागसेन Correct answer.
  3. राजा पसेनदि और आनंद
  4. राजा अशोक और उपगुप्त

Explanation

मिलिंदपञ्ह में यूनानी राजा मिलिंद (मेनांडर) और भिक्षु नागसेन के बीच प्रश्नोत्तर रूप में बौद्ध धर्म के गूढ़ विषयों की व्याख्या है। यह ग्रंथ खुद्दक निकाय के अंतर्गत गिना जाता है और अपने उपमा-प्रधान तर्क के लिए प्रसिद्ध है।

Question 48Pali literature: history, texts, and authors

पालि साहित्य में 'जातक' कथाएँ मुख्यतः किस विषय से संबंधित हैं?

  1. देवताओं के युद्ध का वर्णन
  2. राजाओं की वंशावली
  3. संघ के भोजन-नियमों का वर्णन
  4. बोधिसत्त्व के पूर्व जन्मों की कथाएँ Correct answer.

Explanation

जातक कथाएँ बोधिसत्त्व के पूर्व जन्मों में किए गए पारमिता-कर्मों और नैतिक आदर्शों का चित्रण करती हैं। प्रत्येक जातक में वर्तमान कथा, अतीत कथा और संबंध-निर्देश तीन भाग होते हैं।

Question 49Pali literature: history, texts, and authors

पालि साहित्य में 'पट्ठान' ग्रंथ किस पिटक का भाग है?

  1. अभिधम्म पिटक Correct answer.
  2. सुत्त पिटक
  3. खुद्दक निकाय
  4. विनय पिटक

Explanation

पट्ठान अभिधम्म पिटक के सात ग्रंथों में अंतिम और सबसे विस्तृत ग्रंथ है, जिसमें प्रत्यय या संबंध-व्यवस्था का विश्लेषण है। इसे 'महापकरण' भी कहा जाता है क्योंकि इसमें चित्त और धम्मों के पारस्परिक संबंधों का विस्तार से वर्णन मिलता है।

Question 50Pali literature: history, texts, and authors

अभिधम्म पिटक के सात ग्रंथों में प्रथम ग्रंथ कौन-सा है?

  1. यमक
  2. धातुकथा
  3. धम्मसंगणि Correct answer.
  4. विभंग

Explanation

अभिधम्म पिटक का पहला ग्रंथ धम्मसंगणि है, जिसमें धम्मों का मातिका और वर्ग-विभाजन के आधार पर वर्गीकरण है। उसके बाद विभंग, धातुकथा, पुग्गलपञ्ञत्ति, कथावत्थु, यमक और पट्ठान आते हैं।