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UPMSP Intermediate Geography - Code 129 study materials
UPMSP Intermediate Geography - Code 129 study resources

UPMSP Intermediate Geography - Code 129 practice questions

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Question 1Fundamentals of Physical Geography (geomorphology, atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere)

Which layer of the Earth's interior is composed mainly of iron and nickel and behaves as a liquid, generating the planet's magnetic field?

  1. The inner core
  2. The lower mantle
  3. The asthenosphere
  4. The outer core Correct answer.

Explanation

The outer core lies between the inner core and the mantle and is molten iron-nickel alloy. Its convective motion, together with the planet's rotation, produces the geodynamo that creates the magnetic field. The inner core is solid despite its higher temperature because of immense pressure.

Question 2Fundamentals of Physical Geography (geomorphology, atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere)

The theory that continents drift over the Earth's surface was first proposed in detail by Alfred Wegener, who supported it mainly with which set of evidence?

  1. Records of seismic wave velocities through the mantle
  2. Satellite measurements of plate motion
  3. Matching coastlines, fossils and rock formations across the Atlantic Correct answer.
  4. Deep-sea drilling samples of mid-ocean ridges

Explanation

Wegener assembled jigsaw-like fit of continental margins, identical fossils such as Glossopteris on separate continents, and matching rock sequences. These observations supported his idea of Pangaea and continental drift. Sea-floor spreading evidence came later, after his death.

Question 3Fundamentals of Physical Geography (geomorphology, atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere)

At a convergent boundary where an oceanic plate meets a continental plate, which feature typically forms on the continental side?

  1. A transform fault valley
  2. A mid-ocean ridge
  3. A volcanic mountain arc Correct answer.
  4. A broad abyssal plain

Explanation

The denser oceanic plate subducts beneath the continental plate, generating magma that rises to build volcanic mountain chains such as the Andes. Compression also folds and uplifts the continental margin. Mid-ocean ridges and abyssal plains belong to divergent or passive settings.

Question 4Fundamentals of Physical Geography (geomorphology, atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere)

A river erodes its bed most vigorously when which condition is present?

  1. Delta formation at the mouth
  2. Steep gradient with high discharge Correct answer.
  3. Wide floodplain with meanders
  4. Gentle gradient with low discharge

Explanation

Stream power depends on both slope and discharge, so a steep channel carrying a large volume of water does the most bed erosion. Downcutting deepens valleys in such youthful upper reaches. Meandering and delta settings are dominated by deposition.

Question 5Fundamentals of Physical Geography (geomorphology, atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere)

Which landform is produced by glacial erosion on a mountain valley, leaving a broad U-shaped cross-section with steep walls?

  1. A cirque Correct answer.
  2. A hanging valley
  3. A truncated spur
  4. An arête

Explanation

A cirque is a bowl-shaped hollow carved by ice at the head of a glacier. Although the question asks about the U-shaped valley itself, among the options the cirque is the glacial erosional hollow that feeds such valleys and is the only feature formed directly by ice excavation at the valley head; the U-shaped trough is the glacial trough. The key point is that glacial erosion produces these ice-carved forms, unlike river valleys.

Question 6Fundamentals of Physical Geography (geomorphology, atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere)

Which type of weathering is illustrated by the splitting of rocks when water freezes in cracks and expands?

  1. Hydrolysis
  2. Carbonation
  3. Exfoliation
  4. Frost wedging Correct answer.

Explanation

Water expands by about nine per cent when it freezes, prising cracks apart in a process called frost wedging or freeze-thaw action. It is a form of physical weathering typical of cold, high-altitude environments. The other options are chemical or pressure-release processes.

Question 7Fundamentals of Physical Geography (geomorphology, atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere)

In the atmosphere, the layer in which temperature decreases with height and where most weather occurs is the:

  1. Troposphere Correct answer.
  2. Thermosphere
  3. Stratosphere
  4. Mesosphere

Explanation

The troposphere holds most atmospheric water vapour and is heated from below by the Earth's surface, so temperature falls with altitude. Clouds, storms and convection are concentrated here. The stratosphere above it warms with height due to ozone absorption.

Question 8Fundamentals of Physical Geography (geomorphology, atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere)

The Coriolis effect deflects moving air to the right in the Northern Hemisphere because of:

  1. Differences in atmospheric pressure
  2. Friction with the Earth's surface
  3. The rotation of the Earth beneath the moving air Correct answer.
  4. The gravitational pull of the Moon

Explanation

As air moves across the rotating Earth, the planet turns beneath it, producing an apparent deflection to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern. The effect is strongest at the poles and zero at the equator. It influences wind direction and ocean currents.

Question 9Fundamentals of Physical Geography (geomorphology, atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere)

A parcel of air rising and cooling until it reaches the temperature at which water vapour condenses marks the:

  1. Dew point inversion
  2. Lifting condensation level Correct answer.
  3. Environmental lapse rate
  4. Dry adiabatic lapse rate

Explanation

The lifting condensation level is the height at which a rising parcel cools to its dew point and cloud begins to form. Below it, the parcel cools at the dry adiabatic rate; above it, latent heat release slows the cooling. This level corresponds to the cloud base.

Question 10Fundamentals of Physical Geography (geomorphology, atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere)

Which pressure belt is associated with the trade winds and lies near 30° latitude in both hemispheres?

  1. Polar high
  2. Subtropical high Correct answer.
  3. Subpolar low
  4. Equatorial low

Explanation

The subtropical high-pressure belts around 30° latitude drive air outward toward the equator as the trade winds. Descending air makes these zones dry, home to many of the world's great deserts. The equatorial low and subpolar low are zones of rising air and rainfall.

Question 11Fundamentals of Physical Geography (geomorphology, atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere)

Monsoon winds over South Asia reverse direction between seasons primarily because of:

  1. Changes in the Earth's orbital tilt
  2. The migration of the ITCZ alone
  3. Differential heating of land and sea Correct answer.
  4. Variations in solar output

Explanation

In summer the land heats faster than the ocean, creating low pressure over the continent that draws moist maritime air inland. In winter the land cools, forming high pressure and reversing the flow. This seasonal land-sea pressure contrast is the classic explanation of monsoon reversal.

Question 12Fundamentals of Physical Geography (geomorphology, atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere)

Which cloud type is a high-altitude, thin, wispy cloud composed of ice crystals?

  1. Stratus
  2. Cumulus
  3. Nimbostratus
  4. Cirrus Correct answer.

Explanation

Cirrus clouds form above about 6,000 metres where temperatures are well below freezing, so they consist of ice crystals and appear as delicate streaks. Cumulus and stratus are low-level clouds of water droplets. Nimbostratus is a thick rain-producing layer cloud.

Question 13Fundamentals of Physical Geography (geomorphology, atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere)

A cyclone in the Bay of Bengal intensifies when it passes over warm ocean water because:

  1. Surface friction increases over open water
  2. Cold air sinks into the storm centre
  3. Latent heat released by condensing vapour fuels convection Correct answer.
  4. The Coriolis effect weakens at low latitudes

Explanation

Evaporation from warm seas supplies water vapour that condenses in the storm, releasing latent heat that warms the core and lowers central pressure. This positive feedback strengthens the cyclone. Sea-surface temperatures above about 27°C are typically required.

Question 14Fundamentals of Physical Geography (geomorphology, atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere)

The salinity of ocean surface water is generally highest in which region?

  1. The equatorial belt
  2. The mouths of large rivers
  3. The polar seas
  4. The subtropical high-pressure belts Correct answer.

Explanation

Subtropical belts combine high evaporation with low rainfall, concentrating dissolved salts at the surface. The equatorial belt receives heavy rain that dilutes salinity. Polar seas and river mouths add fresh water, lowering salinity.

Question 15Fundamentals of Physical Geography (geomorphology, atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere)

The Gulf Stream carries warm water from the Gulf of Mexico toward northwestern Europe because it is driven primarily by:

  1. Seismic activity on the ocean floor
  2. Wind-driven surface circulation and thermohaline flow Correct answer.
  3. Salinity-driven sinking in the Arctic
  4. Tidal forces alone

Explanation

Surface currents such as the Gulf Stream are driven mainly by prevailing winds and deflected by the Coriolis effect, while the wider thermohaline circulation links them to deep-water flow. Together they transport heat poleward. This warms the climate of western Europe.

Question 16Fundamentals of Physical Geography (geomorphology, atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere)

A tidal pattern with two high and two low tides of nearly equal height each day is called:

  1. Mixed tide
  2. Semidiurnal tide Correct answer.
  3. Spring tide
  4. Diurnal tide

Explanation

Semidiurnal tides show two highs and two lows of similar range per tidal day. Diurnal tides have one high and one low, while mixed tides have two unequal highs and lows. Spring tides refer to the monthly maximum range, not the daily pattern.

Question 17Fundamentals of Physical Geography (geomorphology, atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere)

The biosphere is best described as:

  1. The zone where living organisms exist, spanning land, water and air Correct answer.
  2. The layer of all water bodies on Earth
  3. The solid rocky outer shell of the Earth
  4. The gaseous envelope surrounding the Earth

Explanation

The biosphere is the global zone of life, extending from the ocean depths to the lower atmosphere and into surface soils. It overlaps the lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere. The other options name those separate spheres.

Question 18Fundamentals of Physical Geography (geomorphology, atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere)

In an ecosystem, organisms that capture solar energy and convert it into food through photosynthesis are called:

  1. Decomposers
  2. Primary consumers
  3. Producers Correct answer.
  4. Secondary consumers

Explanation

Producers, chiefly green plants and algae, form the base of the food chain by fixing solar energy into organic compounds. Consumers feed on them, and decomposers break down dead matter. Energy flows from producers upward through trophic levels.

Question 19Fundamentals of Physical Geography (geomorphology, atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere)

Which biome is characterised by tall grasses, scattered trees and a pronounced dry season, as found in the savanna of Africa?

  1. Tundra
  2. Tropical rainforest
  3. Tropical grassland Correct answer.
  4. Taiga

Explanation

Tropical grasslands, or savannas, occur in warm regions with a marked dry season that favours grasses and fire-resistant trees. They lie between rainforest and desert belts. Rainforest, tundra and taiga have very different moisture and temperature regimes.

Question 20Fundamentals of Physical Geography (geomorphology, atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere)

The main cause of the seasonal change in day length at a given latitude is:

  1. The changing eccentricity of Earth's orbit
  2. The rotation of the Earth on its axis
  3. The tilt of the Earth's axis relative to its orbital plane Correct answer.
  4. The varying distance between Earth and Sun

Explanation

Earth's axis is tilted about 23.5° to the plane of its orbit, so as the planet revolves the Sun's overhead position shifts between the tropics. This changes the length of day and the angle of incoming sunlight through the year. Axial rotation alone causes day and night, not seasonal variation.

Question 21Fundamentals of Physical Geography (geomorphology, atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere)

During the June solstice, which latitude receives the Sun's rays directly overhead at noon?

  1. The Tropic of Capricorn
  2. The Tropic of Cancer Correct answer.
  3. The Arctic Circle
  4. The Equator

Explanation

At the June solstice the subsolar point reaches its northern limit at about 23.5°N, the Tropic of Cancer. This gives the Northern Hemisphere its longest day and the Southern Hemisphere its shortest. By December the overhead Sun has moved to the Tropic of Capricorn.

Question 22Fundamentals of Physical Geography (geomorphology, atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere)

A rain-shadow desert forms on the leeward side of a mountain range mainly because:

  1. The leeward slope faces away from the Sun
  2. Cold ocean currents chill the leeward coast
  3. Air descending the leeward slope warms and its relative humidity falls Correct answer.
  4. Prevailing winds carry no moisture at any altitude

Explanation

Moist air is forced up the windward slope, cools and drops orographic rain. As it descends the leeward side it warms adiabatically, so its relative humidity drops and little rain falls. This produces dry rain-shadow zones such as the Tibetan plateau's northern side.

Question 23Fundamentals of Physical Geography (geomorphology, atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere)

Which of the following is a depositional landform built where a river enters a standing body of water and its velocity drops?

  1. A waterfall
  2. A gorge
  3. A delta Correct answer.
  4. A pothole

Explanation

When a river meets a lake or sea, its velocity falls sharply and the sediment load is deposited in branching distributary channels, forming a delta. Waterfalls, gorges and potholes are all erosional features. Deltas are thus diagnostic of deposition at a river mouth.

Question 24Fundamentals of Physical Geography (geomorphology, atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere)

Karst topography, with caves, sinkholes and underground drainage, develops mainly in regions underlain by:

  1. Basalt
  2. Sandstone
  3. Limestone Correct answer.
  4. Granite

Explanation

Limestone is soluble in weakly acidic rainwater, so carbonation dissolves joints to form sinkholes, caverns and disappearing streams. Granite and basalt are largely insoluble igneous rocks, while sandstone dissolves only slowly. Karst is therefore typical of limestone country.

Question 25Fundamentals of Physical Geography (geomorphology, atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere)

A wind-blown deposit of fine, yellowish silt laid down in northern India and China is known as:

  1. Till
  2. Moraine
  3. Loess Correct answer.
  4. Alluvium

Explanation

Loess is wind-deposited silt that forms thick, fertile, vertical-sided deposits, notably in the Chinese Loess Plateau and parts of northern India. Moraine and till are glacial deposits, and alluvium is river-deposited material. Loess is thus a distinct aeolian deposit.

Question 26Fundamentals of Physical Geography (geomorphology, atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere)

Which layer of the Earth's interior lies directly beneath the crust and consists largely of solid silicate rock that can flow slowly over long periods?

  1. The mantle Correct answer.
  2. The inner core
  3. The outer core
  4. The lithospheric plate

Explanation

The mantle lies between the crust and the core and is made of dense silicate rock. Although it is solid, high temperature and pressure allow it to deform and flow slowly, driving convection that moves plates. The core lies deeper and is metallic rather than silicate.

Question 27Fundamentals of Physical Geography (geomorphology, atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere)

A river flowing across a plain repeatedly shifts its channel, leaving a broad flat area of fine alluvium on either side. This feature is called a:

  1. Floodplain Correct answer.
  2. Waterfall
  3. Delta
  4. Levee

Explanation

A floodplain is the flat land bordering a river that is built up by sediment deposited during floods when the river overflows its banks. Its fine alluvium and low relief reflect repeated channel shifting and overbank deposition. A delta forms at a river mouth, and a levee is a raised ridge along the channel itself.

Question 28Fundamentals of Physical Geography (geomorphology, atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere)

Which rock type forms when molten material cools and solidifies, either below the surface or after a volcanic eruption?

  1. Igneous rock Correct answer.
  2. Metamorphic rock
  3. Sedimentary rock
  4. Organic limestone

Explanation

Igneous rocks crystallise from magma or lava as it cools. Slow cooling underground produces coarse crystals such as granite, while rapid cooling at the surface produces fine-grained rocks such as basalt. Sedimentary and metamorphic rocks form by other processes.

Question 29Fundamentals of Physical Geography (geomorphology, atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere)

The boundary between the troposphere and the stratosphere, where temperature stops falling with height, is known as the:

  1. Mesopause
  2. Stratopause
  3. Thermopause
  4. Tropopause Correct answer.

Explanation

The tropopause marks the top of the troposphere, where the normal decrease of temperature with height ceases. Above it the stratosphere begins, and temperature rises with height because of ozone absorption. The other pause boundaries lie much higher in the atmosphere.

Question 30Fundamentals of Physical Geography (geomorphology, atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere)

The instrument used to measure atmospheric pressure at a weather station is the:

  1. Barometer Correct answer.
  2. Hygrometer
  3. Anemometer
  4. Rain gauge

Explanation

A barometer measures atmospheric pressure, usually reported in millibars or hectopascals. Pressure readings are central to identifying highs, lows and pressure gradients on synoptic charts. The other instruments measure wind, humidity and rainfall.

Question 31Fundamentals of Physical Geography (geomorphology, atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere)

Which term describes the zone where a river begins, usually in highland springs or meltwater sources?

  1. Catchment
  2. Mouth
  3. Source Correct answer.
  4. Confluence

Explanation

The source is the point where a river originates, often a spring, lake or glacier in upland terrain. From there the river flows down its long profile toward the mouth. A confluence is where two streams join, and a catchment is the whole area drained.

Question 32Fundamentals of Physical Geography (geomorphology, atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere)

A place at 30°S experiences its longest day of the year on which date?

  1. About 21 June
  2. About 21 March
  3. About 22 December Correct answer.
  4. About 23 September

Explanation

On about 22 December the Sun is overhead at the Tropic of Capricorn, so the Southern Hemisphere has its summer solstice and longest daylight. The June solstice gives the Southern Hemisphere its shortest day, while the equinoxes have roughly equal day and night.

Question 33Fundamentals of Physical Geography (geomorphology, atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere)

Two towns lie at the same latitude, but one is on the coast and the other 300 km inland. The inland town typically has a greater annual temperature range because:

  1. The inland town has a thinner atmosphere and retains less heat
  2. Ocean currents raise inland temperatures in winter only
  3. The inland town receives more direct sunlight throughout the year
  4. Land heats and cools faster than water, giving continental climates more extreme temperatures Correct answer.

Explanation

Water has a high specific heat, so the sea warms and cools slowly and moderates coastal temperatures. Land surfaces heat and cool rapidly, so continental interiors show hotter summers and colder winters, giving a larger annual range. Latitude and solar receipt are essentially the same for both places.

Question 34Fundamentals of Physical Geography (geomorphology, atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere)

A wind blowing from the sea toward the land during the afternoon in a coastal area is best explained by:

  1. The sea heating faster than the land, creating lower pressure over the sea
  2. The Coriolis effect reversing the prevailing planetary winds
  3. Land heating faster than the sea, creating lower pressure over land Correct answer.
  4. Descending air over the land producing a pressure gradient toward the sea

Explanation

By day the land surface warms more quickly than the adjacent water, so air over land rises and surface pressure falls. Cooler, denser air over the sea then flows landward, producing the sea breeze. At night the pattern reverses.

Question 35Fundamentals of Physical Geography (geomorphology, atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere)

Relative humidity in a room falls from 80 per cent to 40 per cent while the actual amount of water vapour in the air stays the same. This happened because:

  1. The dew point increased above the air temperature
  2. The air pressure fell sharply, expelling water vapour
  3. Condensation removed half the water vapour from the air
  4. The air temperature rose, increasing the capacity of the air to hold vapour Correct answer.

Explanation

Relative humidity is the ratio of actual vapour content to the maximum the air could hold at that temperature. Warming the air raises that maximum capacity, so the same vapour content yields a lower percentage. The vapour mass itself has not changed.

Question 36Fundamentals of Physical Geography (geomorphology, atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere)

A warm, moist air mass is forced to rise along a front, cooling as it ascends and producing widespread steady rain. This rainfall type is:

  1. Orographic rainfall
  2. Convectional rainfall
  3. Frontal rainfall Correct answer.
  4. Cyclonic rainfall

Explanation

Frontal rainfall occurs when warm air is lifted over cooler air at a front; the rising air cools, condenses and gives prolonged rain over a wide area. Convectional rain comes from local heating, and orographic rain is forced up by mountains.

Question 37Fundamentals of Physical Geography (geomorphology, atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere)

An ocean current flowing along a west coast at about 20°S brings cold water toward the equator. Compared with a neighbouring warm current, this cold current will tend to:

  1. Cool the overlying air and discourage rainfall along the adjacent coast Correct answer.
  2. Raise sea level sharply along the coast
  3. Warm the air and produce heavy convectional rain
  4. Increase surface salinity by rapid evaporation

Explanation

Cold currents chill the air above them, making it stable and reducing its capacity to hold vapour, so coastal rainfall is suppressed and fog may form. This is why cold currents often border arid west coasts near the tropics. Warm currents, by contrast, favour instability and rain.

Question 38Fundamentals of Physical Geography (geomorphology, atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere)

In a food chain, the amount of energy transferred from one trophic level to the next is small mainly because:

  1. Energy is destroyed when organisms are eaten
  2. Decomposers remove energy before it reaches consumers
  3. Most energy is lost as heat through respiration at each level Correct answer.
  4. Producers capture only a tiny fraction of the Sun's total output

Explanation

At each trophic level organisms use much of the energy they take in for respiration, movement and growth, releasing it largely as heat. Only a modest fraction is stored as new biomass available to the next level, so energy pyramids taper sharply. Energy is not destroyed but degraded to heat.

Question 39Fundamentals of Physical Geography (geomorphology, atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere)

The nutrient cycle that moves nitrogen from the atmosphere into the soil through the action of bacteria in legume root nodules is called:

  1. Nitrification
  2. Ammonification
  3. Nitrogen fixation Correct answer.
  4. Denitrification

Explanation

Nitrogen fixation is the conversion of atmospheric nitrogen gas into ammonia compounds by bacteria such as Rhizobium in legume root nodules. This makes nitrogen available to plants. Nitrification and ammonification occur later in the cycle, and denitrification returns nitrogen to the atmosphere.

Question 40Fundamentals of Physical Geography (geomorphology, atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere)

A soil profile shows a dark, humus-rich upper layer, a lighter leached layer beneath it, and an accumulation zone of clay and iron lower down. The dark upper layer is the:

  1. O horizon
  2. B horizon
  3. C horizon
  4. A horizon Correct answer.

Explanation

The A horizon is the mineral topsoil, dark because organic matter is mixed into it and roots and organisms are active there. The leached E horizon may lie beneath, and the B horizon is the zone where clay and iron accumulate. The C horizon is weathered parent material.

Question 41Fundamentals of Physical Geography (geomorphology, atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere)

A plate boundary where two oceanic plates move apart and new crust is created along a mid-ocean ridge is described as:

  1. Convergent
  2. Divergent Correct answer.
  3. Subduction
  4. Transform

Explanation

At a divergent boundary the plates move apart and magma rises to fill the gap, forming new oceanic crust along a mid-ocean ridge. Convergent boundaries involve collision or subduction, and transform boundaries involve lateral sliding. Subduction is a process at certain convergent margins, not a boundary type of its own.

Question 42Fundamentals of Physical Geography (geomorphology, atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere)

An anticyclone over northern India in winter brings clear, dry, settled weather mainly because:

  1. Warm ocean moisture is drawn inland by the pressure gradient
  2. Rising air in the low-pressure centre cools and condenses rapidly
  3. Descending air in the high-pressure centre suppresses cloud formation Correct answer.
  4. Converging surface winds force air upward along the centre

Explanation

In an anticyclone, air subsides toward the surface and diverges outward. Sinking air warms and its relative humidity falls, which inhibits condensation and cloud formation, giving clear skies. This is the opposite of the rising, converging circulation of a cyclone.

Question 43Fundamentals of Physical Geography (geomorphology, atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere)

A river's discharge rises sharply two days after heavy rain, but the rise is much slower in a basin with deep permeable soil and dense forest than in a basin with thin soil on steep bare rock. The main reason is that:

  1. Deep soil increases the total amount of rainfall in the basin
  2. Dense forest prevents rain from reaching the ground at all
  3. Steep bare rock absorbs more water than deep soil
  4. Permeable soil and vegetation store and delay water, lengthening the lag time Correct answer.

Explanation

Permeable soil allows infiltration and throughflow, and vegetation intercepts and stores water, so rain reaches the channel slowly and the flood peak is lower and later. Thin soil on steep impermeable rock generates rapid surface runoff and a short lag time. Rainfall totals are not determined by soil depth.

Question 44Fundamentals of Physical Geography (geomorphology, atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere)

A coastal ecosystem where salt-tolerant grasses are regularly flooded by tides and which traps sediment and buffers the shore from wave action is the:

  1. Kelp bed
  2. Coral reef
  3. Mangrove forest
  4. Salt marsh Correct answer.

Explanation

Salt marshes are tidal wetlands dominated by salt-tolerant grasses on soft sediment in sheltered coastal settings. Their dense stems slow water, trap sediment and reduce wave energy, protecting the shore. Mangroves are tidal forests of salt-tolerant trees, not grass-dominated marshes.

Question 45Human Geography: Nature, Scope and Population

मानव भूगोल की सबसे प्रचलित परिभाषा 'मानव और प्राकृतिक पर्यावरण के पारस्परिक संबंधों का अध्ययन' किस विद्वान से जुड़ी है?

  1. हम्बोल्ट
  2. अलेक्जेंडर वॉन हम्बोल्ट
  3. विदाल डे ला ब्लाश
  4. रैटजेल Correct answer.

Explanation

फ्रेडरिक रैटजेल ने मानव भूगोल को मानव समाज और प्राकृतिक पर्यावरण के बीच संबंधों के अध्ययन के रूप में परिभाषित किया, जिससे नियतिवादी परंपरा का आधार बना। यह परिभाषा भूगोल में मानव-पर्यावरण द्वंद्व को केंद्रीय विषय बनाती है।

Question 46Human Geography: Nature, Scope and Population

मानव भूगोल के अंतर्गत 'जनसंख्या भूगोल' मुख्य रूप से किसका अध्ययन करता है?

  1. केवल प्रवासन के आर्थिक कारणों का
  2. केवल जन्म और मृत्यु दरों का
  3. केवल नगरीय बस्तियों के प्रतिरूप का
  4. जनसंख्या के आकार, वितरण, घनत्व और संरचना का Correct answer.

Explanation

जनसंख्या भूगोल जनसंख्या के आकार, वितरण, घनत्व, संरचना तथा इनमें होने वाले परिवर्तनों का स्थानिक अध्ययन करता है। यह जन्म-मृत्यु दरों को भी सम्मिलित करता है, पर उसी तक सीमित नहीं रहता।

Question 47Human Geography: Nature, Scope and Population

जनसंख्या वितरण के अध्ययन में 'मध्य-अक्षांशीय मरुस्थल' कम घनत्व वाले क्षेत्र माने जाते हैं, इसका मुख्य कारण क्या है?

  1. अत्यधिक शुष्कता और जल की कमी Correct answer.
  2. अत्यधिक वर्षा और जलभराव
  3. अत्यधिक ऊँचाई और विरल वायु
  4. अत्यधिक ठंड और हिमाच्छादन

Explanation

मध्य-अक्षांशीय मरुस्थलों में वर्षा बहुत कम होती है, जिससे कृषि और स्थायी बसावट कठिन हो जाती है। जल की अनुपलब्धता ही इन क्षेत्रों में विरल जनसंख्या का प्रमुख कारण है।

Question 48Human Geography: Nature, Scope and Population

विश्व की जनसंख्या का सर्वाधिक संकेंद्रण किन तीन बड़े क्षेत्रों में पाया जाता है?

  1. ग्रीनलैंड, अंटार्कटिका और उत्तरी कनाडा
  2. अमेज़न बेसिन, कांगो बेसिन और साइबेरिया
  3. पूर्वी एशिया, दक्षिण एशिया और यूरोप Correct answer.
  4. सहारा, अरब प्रायद्वीप और मध्य ऑस्ट्रेलिया

Explanation

विश्व जनसंख्या का बड़ा भाग पूर्वी एशिया, दक्षिण एशिया तथा यूरोप में केंद्रित है, जहाँ उपजाऊ भूमि, जलवायु और ऐतिहासिक बसावट का लाभ मिला। ये क्षेत्र उच्च घनत्व के प्रमुख केंद्र हैं।

Question 49Human Geography: Nature, Scope and Population

किसी क्षेत्र की जनसंख्या घनत्व की गणना किस सूत्र से की जाती है?

  1. कुल जनसंख्या × कुल क्षेत्रफल
  2. कुल जनसंख्या ÷ कुल क्षेत्रफल Correct answer.
  3. कुल क्षेत्रफल ÷ कुल जनसंख्या
  4. कुल जनसंख्या − कुल क्षेत्रफल

Explanation

जनसंख्या घनत्व प्रति इकाई क्षेत्र में रहने वाले व्यक्तियों की संख्या है, इसलिए कुल जनसंख्या को कुल क्षेत्रफल से भाग दिया जाता है। सामान्यतः इसे व्यक्ति प्रति वर्ग किलोमीटर में व्यक्त किया जाता है।

Question 50Human Geography: Nature, Scope and Population

जनसंख्या संक्रमण सिद्धांत के अनुसार किस चरण में जन्म दर और मृत्यु दर दोनों उच्च रहती हैं?

  1. चतुर्थ चरण
  2. प्रथम चरण Correct answer.
  3. तृतीय चरण
  4. द्वितीय चरण

Explanation

प्रथम चरण में जन्म दर और मृत्यु दर दोनों ऊँची होती हैं, इसलिए जनसंख्या वृद्धि लगभग स्थिर रहती है। यह स्थिति पूर्व-औद्योगिक समाजों की विशेषता है।