UPMSP Intermediate Education - Code 134 key terms

A method of non-violent resistance developed by Gandhi, in which the truth is defended through peaceful refusal to cooperate with injustice, accepting suffering rather than inflicting it.

The principle of refraining from causing harm to any living being by thought, word or deed, central to Indian ethical and religious traditions and to Gandhian political action.

The 1920-22 campaign launched by Gandhi urging Indians to withdraw cooperation from British institutions, including boycotts of schools, courts and foreign cloth; it was suspended after the Chauri Chaura violence.

Deliberate, public and peaceful breaking of unjust laws to pressure a government, used in the Indian freedom struggle notably in the Salt March of 1930.

The 1930 march from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi where Gandhi made salt from seawater, defying the British salt monopoly and launching the Civil Disobedience Movement.

The 1905 division of Bengal by Lord Curzon, which provoked the Swadeshi and boycott movements and was annulled in 1911.

The policy of preferring goods and industries produced within one's own country, promoted during the freedom struggle as an economic and political act of self-reliance.

A coordinated refusal to buy, use or deal with particular goods, services or institutions as a form of protest or economic pressure.

The introductory statement of the Indian Constitution declaring the source of authority, the nature of the state and its objectives such as justice, liberty, equality and fraternity.

Basic rights guaranteed to individuals by Part III of the Indian Constitution, enforceable through courts, covering equality, freedom, protection from exploitation, religion, culture and constitutional remedies.

Guidelines in Part IV of the Indian Constitution directing governments to promote social and economic welfare; they are not directly enforceable in court but are fundamental in governance.

A formal written order of a court commanding or forbidding an action, such as habeas corpus, mandamus or certiorari, used to protect fundamental rights.

A system in which power is constitutionally divided between a central government and regional units, each with authority that cannot be unilaterally abolished by the other.

The principle that the state treats all religions impartially, neither favouring nor discriminating against any, while allowing freedom of religious belief and practice.

The right of every adult citizen, regardless of sex, caste, religion or property, to vote in elections; in India the voting age was lowered from 21 to 18 in 1989.

Obligations listed in Article 51A of the Indian Constitution, added by the 42nd Amendment in 1976, asking citizens to respect the Constitution, national symbols and the environment, among others.

The process by which green plants use sunlight, water and carbon dioxide to make glucose and release oxygen, with chlorophyll in chloroplasts capturing the light energy.

The green pigment inside chloroplasts that absorbs mainly red and blue light and converts light energy into chemical energy during photosynthesis.

Tiny pores, mainly on leaf surfaces, that open and close to allow exchange of carbon dioxide, oxygen and water vapour between the plant and the air.

The loss of water vapour from a plant, mostly through stomata, which pulls water upward through the plant and cools it.

The movement of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane from a region of higher water concentration to one of lower water concentration.

The net movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to one of lower concentration, caused by random molecular motion and requiring no membrane.

The rate of change of momentum of a body is directly proportional to the applied force and takes place in the direction of that force; commonly written F = ma.

The tendency of a body to resist any change in its state of rest or uniform motion, measured by its mass.

The product of a body's mass and velocity, a vector quantity whose total is conserved when no external force acts on the system.

At constant temperature, the current through a conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference across it, giving the relation V = IR.

The opposition a component offers to the flow of electric current, measured in ohms and depending on material, length, cross-section and temperature.

The amount of substance containing as many elementary entities as there are atoms in 12 grams of carbon-12, namely Avogadro's number, about 6.022 × 10^23.

The number of moles of solute dissolved per litre of solution, expressed in mol/L; it changes slightly with temperature because solution volume changes.

A logarithmic scale from 0 to 14 measuring hydrogen-ion concentration, where values below 7 are acidic, 7 is neutral and above 7 is basic.

A process in which a substance loses electrons or increases its oxidation number; it is always accompanied by reduction in a redox reaction.

A reaction involving simultaneous oxidation and reduction, in which electrons are transferred from one species to another.

One of two or more compounds with the same molecular formula but different arrangements of atoms, and therefore different physical or chemical properties.

Cell division producing two genetically identical daughter cells with the same chromosome number as the parent, used for growth and repair.

Reduction division producing four daughter cells each with half the chromosome number, creating genetic variation through crossing over and independent assortment.

Three measures of central tendency: the arithmetic average, the middle value of ordered data, and the most frequently occurring value respectively.

A measure of how spread out values are around the mean, calculated as the square root of the average squared deviation from the mean.

A ratio of two sides of a right-angled triangle, such as sine, cosine or tangent, defined relative to a chosen acute angle.

In a right-angled triangle, the square of the hypotenuse equals the sum of the squares of the other two sides.