UPMSP Intermediate Biology study guide
UPMSP Intermediate Biology · Work through your exam, one topic at a time.
The UPMSP Intermediate Biology examination is the Class 12 biology paper set by the Uttar Pradesh Madhyamik Shiksha Parishad (UP Board) for students completing the intermediate stage in the science stream. It is taken by candidates who need a board-recognised Class 12 science qualification for university admission, competitive examinations in the medical and allied-health stream, or simply to complete secondary schooling in biology. The UPMSP Intermediate Biology study guide has 8 sections and about 2,492 words.
01Reproduction: Flowering Plants, Humans and Reproductive Health
The Reproduction domain of UPMSP Intermediate Biology examines how organisms make copies of themselves - sexual reproduction in flowering plants, human reproduction and reproductive health - with emphasis on gamete formation, fertilisation and contraception. A microspore mother cell (2n) undergoes meiosis to give four microspores; each pollen grain has a generative and a vegetative cell.
322 words, about 2 min02Genetics and Evolution: Inheritance, Populations and Change over Time
Genetics and Evolution tests Mendelian inheritance and its exceptions, the chromosomal basis of sex determination, population genetics and the evidence for evolutionary change. Law of segregation: the two alleles of a gene pass into different gametes.
293 words, about 1 min03Biology and Human Welfare: Disease, Immunity and Applied Biology
Biology and Human Welfare covers pathogens and disease, immunity and vaccines, cancer and drug abuse, plus applied biology in animal husbandry, plant breeding and microbes in food. Plasmodium causes malaria and is transmitted by the female Anopheles mosquito; it first multiplies in liver cells, then in red blood cells.
309 words, about 2 min04Biotechnology and Its Applications: Tools, Processes and Products
Biotechnology and Its Applications tests the tools of recombinant DNA technology, the processes used to make products, and specific applications in medicine, agriculture and diagnostics. Restriction endonucleases cut palindromic DNA sequences and leave sticky ends; EcoRI cuts G↓AATTC.
323 words, about 2 min05Ecology and Environment: Populations, Ecosystems and Conservation
Ecology and Environment covers organisms and populations, ecosystem function, biodiversity and conservation, and environmental issues caused by human activity. Population growth is exponential when resources are unlimited (rate r) and logistic when a carrying capacity K limits it, giving an S-shaped curve.
321 words, about 2 min06Cell Structure and Function: Organelles, Biomolecules and Division
Cell Structure and Function covers cell theory, prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisation, the structure and function of organelles, biomolecules, and the cell cycle including mitosis and meiosis. Cell theory: Schleiden and Schwann proposed that all organisms are made of cells; Virchow added omnis cellula e cellula.
284 words, about 1 min07Plant Physiology: Photosynthesis, Transport and Growth Regulation
Plant Physiology covers photosynthesis, respiration, water and mineral transport, plant growth regulators and developmental responses such as photoperiodism and vernalisation. The light reaction occurs in thylakoids: PSII splits water, electrons pass to PSI, producing ATP and NADPH by non-cyclic photophosphorylation.
308 words, about 2 min08Human Physiology: Digestion, Breathing, Circulation and Control
Human Physiology covers digestion and absorption, breathing, circulation, excretion, locomotion, neural control and the endocrine system, with emphasis on the quantitative norms the exam favours. Breathing: tidal volume 500 mL, IRV 2500–3000 mL, ERV 1000–1100 mL, residual volume 1100–1200 mL; vital capacity about 3500–4500 mL.
332 words, about 2 min