UPMSP Intermediate Animal Husbandry - Code 171 flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Livestock share of agricultural GVA

Livestock contributes roughly one-third of India's agricultural gross value added and grows faster than crops, giving small and marginal farmers drought-proof income.

Livestock census frequency

The Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairying conducts the livestock census every five years, recording breed-wise and species-wise populations used for policy and breeding plans.

Zebu versus exotic cattle

Zebu (Bos indicus) cattle have a hump, dewlap and heat tolerance, while exotic Bos taurus breeds such as Holstein Friesian and Jersey give higher milk yield and are used in crossbreeding.

Murrah buffalo traits

Murrah from Haryana is a high-yielding buffalo breed with curled horns and a heavy body; it is widely used to upgrade local buffaloes through artificial insemination.

Kadaknath breed

Kadaknath is an indigenous Indian poultry breed known for black plumage and blackish meat, valued for its taste and marketed as a specialty product.

Crude protein factor

Crude protein is calculated as nitrogen content multiplied by 6.25, since feed protein averages about 16 percent nitrogen; it is a proximate analysis fraction.

TDN and DCP

Total Digestible Nutrients measures energy value and Digestible Crude Protein measures protein value; both are used to balance rations against maintenance and production needs.

Urea treatment of straw

Treating dry straw with urea raises its crude protein and digestibility, improving feed value for ruminants; excess urea is toxic and the treated straw must be aerated.

Gossypol risk

Gossypol is a toxic compound in cottonseed cake that can harm non-ruminants and young calves; safe inclusion levels and heat treatment reduce the risk.

Progeny testing

Progeny testing evaluates a sire by the performance of his daughters, commonly for milk yield, and is the standard method for selecting dairy bulls.

Estrus cycle length

Cattle and buffalo have an estrus cycle of about 21 days and heat lasting roughly 12 to 18 hours; insemination is timed late in heat for best conception.

Gestation periods

Cattle gestate about 280 days, buffalo about 310 days, sheep and goats about 150 days, and pigs about 114 days.

Heterosis

Heterosis or hybrid vigour is the superior performance of crossbred offspring over the average of parents, exploited in dairy crosses, poultry hybrids and pig crossbreeding.

Floor space for cattle

Loose housing allows about 4 to 5 square metres per adult cattle and 3 to 4 square metres per buffalo, with manger length of about 70 to 80 centimetres.

Loafing area

A loafing area is an open, paved space attached to loose housing where animals rest and move freely, reducing heat stress and keeping the resting shed dry.

Farm breeding register

The breeding register records heat dates, insemination dates, bull or semen used and pregnancy results, enabling calculation of calving intervals and reproductive efficiency.

Colostrum

Colostrum is the first milk after calving, rich in immunoglobulins, vitamins and minerals; the calf should receive it within the first hours of life.

Gerber fat test

The Gerber method measures milk fat by centrifuging milk with sulphuric acid and amyl alcohol in a butyrometer, giving a direct fat percentage reading.

Methylene blue reduction test

The methylene blue reduction test assesses raw milk bacterial quality by timing decolourisation; faster reduction indicates a higher bacterial load and poorer keeping quality.

Pasteurisation

Pasteurisation heats milk to about 63 degrees Celsius for 30 minutes or 72 degrees for 15 seconds to destroy pathogens while retaining most quality.

Chick incubation period

Chicken eggs hatch in about 21 days at an incubator temperature near 37.5 to 37.8 degrees Celsius with regular turning; duck and turkey eggs need about 28 days.

Haugh unit

The Haugh unit is a measure of egg albumen quality calculated from albumen height and egg weight; higher values indicate fresher, better-quality eggs.

Brooding temperature

Chick brooding starts near 33 to 35 degrees Celsius in the first week and falls about 3 degrees weekly; chicks huddling or panting signal incorrect temperature.

Ranikhet disease

Ranikhet or Newcastle disease is a viral poultry disease causing respiratory and nervous signs and high mortality; it is controlled by vaccination and biosecurity.

Milk fever

Milk fever is hypocalcaemia around calving causing recumbency and muscle weakness; it is treated with intravenous calcium and prevented by dietary calcium management.

California Mastitis Test

The California Mastitis Test mixes milk with a reagent that gels in the presence of high somatic cells, screening cows for subclinical mastitis at the farm.

Zoonotic disease

A zoonotic disease transmits from animals to humans; brucellosis, tuberculosis, anthrax and salmonellosis are important livestock zoonoses requiring protective hygiene.

Biogas from dung

Anaerobic digestion of cattle dung in a biogas plant produces methane-rich gas for cooking or power and leaves enriched slurry used as fertiliser.

Duck-fish integration

In duck-fish integration, ducks are reared over fish ponds; their droppings fertilise pond plankton and reduce purchased feed, creating a low-cost recycling system.

Feather meal

Feather meal is a protein-rich by-product made by hydrolysing poultry feathers under pressure, used as an animal feed ingredient after processing.

Anand pattern

The Anand pattern is a three-tier dairy cooperative structure of village society, district union and state federation, with farmer ownership and fat-based milk payment.

Mass extension methods

Mass extension methods such as radio, television, print and mobile advisories reach many farmers quickly but give little individual feedback, unlike farm visits.