UPMSP Vocational General Foundation flashcards

33 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

संधि क्या है?

दो वर्णों के मेल से उत्पन्न विकार को संधि कहते हैं। इसके स्वर, व्यंजन और विसर्ग - तीन भेद होते हैं, जिनमें स्वर संधि के पाँच उपभेद हैं।

मुहावरा और लोकोक्ति

मुहावरा वाक्यांश है जो शाब्दिक अर्थ छोड़कर लाक्षणिक अर्थ देता है, जैसे 'आँख का तारा'। लोकोक्ति पूर्ण वाक्य रूप में प्रयुक्त कहावत है, जैसे 'अंधों में काना राजा'।

Passive voice formation

The passive is formed with a form of 'be' plus the past participle, and the original object becomes the subject. Example: 'The report was submitted by the trainee yesterday.'

Reported speech tense shift

When the reporting verb is in the past, present simple shifts to past simple, present continuous to past continuous, and 'will' to 'would'. Time words also shift, such as 'today' to 'that day'.

Compound interest formula

Amount A equals P multiplied by (1 + R/100) raised to power T. Compound interest is A minus P, and interest is added to the principal each period.

Speed unit conversion

To convert kilometres per hour to metres per second, multiply by 5/18. To convert metres per second to kilometres per hour, multiply by 18/5.

HCF and LCM relation

For two positive integers, HCF multiplied by LCM equals the product of the two numbers. The HCF is the largest common divisor and the LCM the smallest common multiple.

Ohm's law

At constant temperature, current through a conductor is directly proportional to potential difference, so V equals I times R. Resistance is measured in ohms.

Photosynthesis equation

Six molecules of carbon dioxide plus six of water, using chlorophyll and light energy, produce one glucose molecule and six oxygen molecules. The process occurs mainly in leaf chloroplasts.

pH scale meaning

pH measures hydrogen ion concentration on a scale from 0 to 14. Values below 7 are acidic, 7 is neutral, and above 7 is basic or alkaline.

Fundamental Rights location

Fundamental Rights are contained in Part III of the Indian Constitution, Articles 12 to 35. They are enforceable through writs issued by the Supreme Court and High Courts.

Tropic of Cancer in India

The Tropic of Cancer at about 23.5 degrees north passes through eight Indian states, from Gujarat in the west to Mizoram in the east.

RAM versus ROM

RAM is volatile working memory whose contents vanish when power is switched off. ROM is non-volatile, retains data permanently, and stores startup firmware such as the BIOS.

What is phishing?

Phishing is a fraudulent email, message or website that impersonates a trusted source to trick users into revealing passwords, OTPs or bank details.

IPv4 versus IPv6

IPv4 addresses use 32 bits and are written as four decimal octets. IPv6 uses 128 bits in hexadecimal groups, providing a vastly larger address space.

Least count of instrument

Least count is the smallest measurement an instrument can read reliably. A steel rule typically reads to 0.5 mm and a vernier calliper to 0.02 mm.

Meaning of 5S

5S is a workplace organisation method: sort, set in order, shine, standardise and sustain. It reduces waste, improves safety and keeps tools easy to find.

Break-even quantity formula

Break-even quantity equals total fixed costs divided by contribution per unit, where contribution is selling price minus variable cost per unit. At this output total revenue equals total cost.

What is working capital?

Working capital is current assets minus current liabilities. It measures short-term liquidity and the funds available for daily operations such as wages, raw material and bills.

SMART goal criteria

A SMART goal is specific, measurable, achievable, relevant and time-bound. Each criterion makes the goal easier to plan, track and evaluate.

Active listening meaning

Active listening means giving full attention, avoiding interruption, paraphrasing the speaker's message and asking clarifying questions to confirm understanding.

Three Rs of environment

The three Rs are reduce, reuse and recycle, listed in order of preference. Reducing consumption prevents waste; recycling is the last option because it needs energy.

Greenhouse effect

Greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and methane trap outgoing infrared radiation, warming the atmosphere. Human emissions have intensified this natural effect, causing global warming.

Eutrophication definition

Eutrophication is excessive nutrient enrichment of water, often from fertiliser runoff. It causes algal blooms, which later decompose and deplete dissolved oxygen, killing fish.

Fire triangle

The fire triangle consists of fuel, oxygen and heat. Removing any one element, for example by cooling or smothering, stops combustion.

PASS extinguisher rule

PASS stands for pull the pin, aim at the base of the fire, squeeze the handle and sweep side to side. Always keep an exit behind you.

First aid for burns

Cool the burn under clean running water for at least ten minutes, remove tight items before swelling, and cover with a sterile non-stick dressing. Do not apply ice or oil.

कर्ता कारक चिह्न

वाक्य में क्रिया करने वाले को कर्ता कहते हैं और सामान्यतः इसके साथ 'ने' विभक्ति चिह्न आता है, जैसे 'राम ने पत्र लिखा'।

Subject-verb agreement rule

A singular subject takes a singular verb and a plural subject a plural verb. With 'either...or', the verb agrees with the subject nearest to it.

Alligation rule

Alligation finds the ratio in which two ingredients are mixed: the difference between each price and the mean price gives the ratio, written as (mean minus cheaper) to (dearer minus mean).

Universal blood donor

O negative red blood cells are called the universal donor because they lack A, B and RhD antigens, so recipients of any ABO group can usually receive them.

73rd Amendment purpose

The 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act of 1992 gave constitutional status to Panchayati Raj, mandating three tiers and reserving seats for Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and women.

File extension examples

Extensions identify file type: .docx for documents, .xlsx for spreadsheets, .pptx for presentations, .pdf for fixed-layout documents and .jpg for images.