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UPMSP Vocational Health Care study materials
UPMSP Vocational Health Care study resources

UPMSP Vocational Health Care practice questions

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Question 1Fundamentals of Health Care and Anatomy-Physiology

A health care worker is preparing to measure a patient's blood pressure. Which artery is most commonly used to obtain a brachial systolic and diastolic reading with a cuff?

  1. Radial artery at the wrist
  2. Brachial artery in the upper arm Correct answer.
  3. Dorsalis pedis artery on the foot
  4. Carotid artery in the neck

Explanation

The brachial artery runs along the medial side of the upper arm and lies at heart level, which is why the cuff is wrapped there for standard auscultatory measurement. The radial, carotid, and dorsalis pedis arteries are used for pulse checks but not for routine cuff blood pressure.

Question 2Fundamentals of Health Care and Anatomy-Physiology

During a class demonstration, a student counts 18 chest rises in 30 seconds. What respiratory rate should the student record per minute?

  1. 9 breaths per minute
  2. 36 breaths per minute Correct answer.
  3. 18 breaths per minute
  4. 27 breaths per minute

Explanation

Respiratory rate is counted for a full minute, or for 30 seconds and multiplied by two. Eighteen rises in half a minute therefore equals 36 breaths per minute, which is above the normal adult range and should be reported.

Question 3Fundamentals of Health Care and Anatomy-Physiology

Which anatomical plane divides the body into equal right and left halves?

  1. Frontal (coronal) plane
  2. Transverse plane
  3. Oblique plane
  4. Midsagittal plane Correct answer.

Explanation

The midsagittal plane passes through the midline and splits the body into equal right and left portions. The frontal plane divides anterior from posterior, the transverse plane divides superior from inferior, and oblique planes cut at an angle.

Question 4Fundamentals of Health Care and Anatomy-Physiology

A patient is lying on the back with the face upward. Which position term should the health care worker record?

  1. Supine position Correct answer.
  2. Lateral position
  3. Fowler position
  4. Prone position

Explanation

Supine describes lying face upward on the back, which is the standard position for abdominal examination and many procedures. Prone means face downward, lateral means lying on the side, and Fowler means the head of the bed is raised.

Question 5Fundamentals of Health Care and Anatomy-Physiology

Which formed element of blood carries oxygen from the lungs to body tissues?

  1. Erythrocytes Correct answer.
  2. Lymphocytes
  3. Monocytes
  4. Platelets

Explanation

Erythrocytes, or red blood cells, contain hemoglobin, which binds oxygen in the lungs and releases it in the tissues. Platelets support clotting, while lymphocytes and monocytes are white cells involved in immunity.

Question 6Fundamentals of Health Care and Anatomy-Physiology

A health care worker must move a conscious patient from a bed to a chair. Which action best protects both the worker and the patient?

  1. Pull the patient upward by holding the shoulders from a distance
  2. Bend at the waist and lift the patient quickly by the arms
  3. Stand close to the patient, widen the stance, and bend the knees Correct answer.
  4. Keep feet together and twist the trunk while lifting

Explanation

Safe transfer technique keeps the load close, uses a wide base of support, and relies on leg muscles with the back straight to reduce spinal strain. Twisting, bending at the waist, and lifting at a distance all increase injury risk.

Question 7Fundamentals of Health Care and Anatomy-Physiology

Which microorganism group is treated with antibiotics such as penicillin?

  1. Fungi
  2. Protozoa
  3. Bacteria Correct answer.
  4. Viruses

Explanation

Antibiotics such as penicillin act on bacterial structures and processes, for example cell wall synthesis, and are ineffective against viruses. Antifungal and antiprotozoal drugs are separate classes used for those organisms.

Question 8Fundamentals of Health Care and Anatomy-Physiology

Before donning gloves for a procedure, what should a health care worker do first?

  1. Apply hand lotion to keep the skin soft
  2. Wipe the gloves with alcohol after wearing them
  3. Put on the gown and then the gloves without washing
  4. Perform hand hygiene with soap and water or sanitizer Correct answer.

Explanation

Hand hygiene is performed before gloving so that microorganisms on the hands are reduced and are not introduced under the gloves. Gloves supplement but never replace hand washing, and alcohol wiping worn gloves is not a substitute.

Question 9Fundamentals of Health Care and Anatomy-Physiology

Which chamber of the heart pumps oxygenated blood into the aorta for distribution to the body?

  1. Right ventricle
  2. Left atrium
  3. Left ventricle Correct answer.
  4. Right atrium

Explanation

The left ventricle has the thickest muscular wall and ejects oxygenated blood through the aortic valve into the aorta. The right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs, and the atria receive blood rather than driving systemic flow.

Question 10Fundamentals of Health Care and Anatomy-Physiology

A patient's pulse is 48 beats per minute and regular, and the patient feels dizzy on standing. Which term best describes this rate?

  1. Tachypnea
  2. Bradycardia Correct answer.
  3. Tachycardia
  4. Hypertension

Explanation

A resting adult heart rate below 60 beats per minute is termed bradycardia, and the accompanying dizziness suggests reduced cardiac output. Tachycardia is a rate above 100, hypertension refers to blood pressure, and tachypnea refers to rapid breathing.

Question 11Fundamentals of Health Care and Anatomy-Physiology

Which structure prevents food from entering the trachea during swallowing?

  1. Epiglottis Correct answer.
  2. Soft palate
  3. Vocal cords
  4. Uvula

Explanation

The epiglottis is a flap of cartilage that folds over the laryngeal opening during swallowing so that the bolus passes into the esophagus. The uvula and soft palate help close the nasal passage, and the vocal cords sit within the larynx below the epiglottis.

Question 12Fundamentals of Health Care and Anatomy-Physiology

A patient with vomiting and diarrhea has dry mucous membranes and poor skin turgor. Which fluid balance problem should the worker suspect?

  1. Hyperkalemia
  2. Fluid overload
  3. Edema
  4. Dehydration Correct answer.

Explanation

Vomiting and diarrhea cause loss of water and electrolytes, and dry mucous membranes with poor skin turgor are classic signs of dehydration. Fluid overload and edema reflect excess fluid, and hyperkalemia is a specific electrolyte disturbance not established by these signs alone.

Question 13Fundamentals of Health Care and Anatomy-Physiology

Which nutrient is the body's most concentrated source of energy per gram and also forms cell membranes?

  1. Protein
  2. Water
  3. Carbohydrate
  4. Fat Correct answer.

Explanation

Fat supplies about 9 kilocalories per gram, compared with about 4 for carbohydrate and protein, and phospholipids are key membrane components. Water provides no energy, and carbohydrates and proteins are less energy dense.

Question 14Fundamentals of Health Care and Anatomy-Physiology

A patient is in isolation for a wound infection that spreads by direct contact. Which personal protective equipment is essential when entering the room to change the dressing?

  1. Shoe covers only
  2. No protective equipment if hands are washed afterward
  3. Gloves and gown Correct answer.
  4. A face shield only

Explanation

Contact precautions require gloves and a gown for any task that may touch the patient or contaminated surfaces, and these are removed before leaving the room. Shoe covers and face shields alone do not prevent hand and clothing contamination.

Question 15Fundamentals of Health Care and Anatomy-Physiology

Which blood vessel type contains valves that prevent backflow of blood toward the tissues?

  1. Arteries
  2. Veins Correct answer.
  3. Arterioles
  4. Capillaries

Explanation

Veins carry blood at low pressure and contain one-way valves that keep blood moving toward the heart against gravity. Arteries and arterioles have thick muscular walls without such valves, and capillaries are single-cell-thick exchange vessels.

Question 16Fundamentals of Health Care and Anatomy-Physiology

A patient needs an intramuscular injection. Which site is commonly selected in the upper outer quadrant of the buttock?

  1. Ventrogluteal site Correct answer.
  2. Dorsogluteal site
  3. Vastus lateralis site
  4. Deltoid site

Explanation

The ventrogluteal site lies in the upper outer buttock region and is preferred because it avoids major nerves and vessels. The deltoid and vastus lateralis are alternative intramuscular sites but are not on the buttock, and the dorsogluteal site carries nerve risk.

Question 17Fundamentals of Health Care and Anatomy-Physiology

Which hormone lowers blood glucose by promoting uptake into cells and storage as glycogen?

  1. Insulin Correct answer.
  2. Adrenaline
  3. Cortisol
  4. Glucagon

Explanation

Insulin, released by pancreatic beta cells, increases glucose uptake and glycogen storage, lowering blood glucose. Glucagon, cortisol, and adrenaline all act to raise blood glucose through glycogen breakdown or gluconeogenesis.

Question 18Fundamentals of Health Care and Anatomy-Physiology

A patient is ordered to receive 500 mL of normal saline over 4 hours using an infusion pump. What flow rate should be set in milliliters per hour?

  1. 125 mL/hour Correct answer.
  2. 100 mL/hour
  3. 200 mL/hour
  4. 150 mL/hour

Explanation

Divide the total volume by the time in hours: 500 mL divided by 4 hours equals 125 mL per hour. This rate delivers the ordered volume exactly over the prescribed period.

Question 19Fundamentals of Health Care and Anatomy-Physiology

A worker notices a fire in a waste bin in a hospital corridor. Which action follows the correct emergency sequence?

  1. Open windows to let smoke out, then continue working
  2. Rescue anyone in danger, raise the alarm, then contain the fire if safe Correct answer.
  3. Throw water on the fire before warning anyone
  4. Wait for the fire to grow before calling for help

Explanation

Fire response follows rescue, alarm, containment, and evacuation principles, with safety of people taking priority over property. Raising the alarm early allows trained staff and the fire service to respond while the fire is small.

Question 20Fundamentals of Health Care and Anatomy-Physiology

Which description correctly matches the anatomical term 'distal'?

  1. The knee is distal to the ankle
  2. The hip is distal to the foot
  3. The wrist is distal to the elbow Correct answer.
  4. The shoulder is distal to the hand

Explanation

Distal means farther from the point of attachment of a limb to the trunk, so the wrist lies farther from the trunk than the elbow. The other options place the more proximal structure farther away, which reverses the term.

Question 21Fundamentals of Health Care and Anatomy-Physiology

Which sequence correctly traces the path of blood through the heart after it returns from the body?

  1. Right ventricle, right atrium, lungs, left ventricle, left atrium, aorta
  2. Left atrium, left ventricle, aorta, lungs, pulmonary artery, right atrium, right ventricle
  3. Right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary artery, lungs, pulmonary vein, left atrium, left ventricle, aorta Correct answer.
  4. Left ventricle, aorta, lungs, right atrium, pulmonary vein, left atrium, right ventricle

Explanation

Systemic venous blood enters the right atrium, passes to the right ventricle, and is pumped through the pulmonary artery to the lungs. Oxygenated blood returns by the pulmonary veins to the left atrium, then the left ventricle, and is ejected into the aorta.

Question 22Fundamentals of Health Care and Anatomy-Physiology

A patient's blood pressure is 118/76 mmHg. Which statement correctly interprets these values?

  1. 118 is the pulse pressure and 76 is the mean arterial pressure
  2. Both values represent pressures in the right atrium
  3. 118 is the systolic pressure during ventricular contraction and 76 is the diastolic pressure during relaxation Correct answer.
  4. 76 is the systolic pressure during ventricular contraction and 118 is the diastolic pressure during relaxation

Explanation

The higher number is systolic pressure, generated when the ventricles contract and force blood into the arteries, and the lower is diastolic pressure during ventricular relaxation. Pulse pressure would be the difference, 42 mmHg, and mean arterial pressure is a separate calculated value.

Question 23Fundamentals of Health Care and Anatomy-Physiology

A patient has a wound with redness, warmth, swelling, and purulent drainage, and a fever of 38.6 degrees Celsius. Which interpretation best fits these findings?

  1. A systemic viral illness with no wound involvement
  2. A local wound infection with possible systemic spread Correct answer.
  3. Normal wound healing with expected serous drainage
  4. A localized allergic reaction without infection

Explanation

Redness, warmth, swelling, and purulent drainage are classic local signs of infection, and fever suggests the process may be systemic. Normal healing produces minimal serous drainage without fever, and allergy alone does not explain pus and raised temperature.

Question 24Fundamentals of Health Care and Anatomy-Physiology

A patient taking a diuretic reports muscle weakness and an irregular pulse. Which electrolyte imbalance is most likely and why?

  1. Hyperkalemia, because diuretics retain potassium
  2. Hypokalemia, because diuretics increase potassium loss in urine Correct answer.
  3. Hypernatremia, because diuretics retain sodium
  4. Hypocalcemia, because diuretics block calcium absorption

Explanation

Thiazide and loop diuretics increase renal potassium excretion, and low potassium causes muscle weakness and cardiac rhythm disturbances. Hyperkalemia is the opposite pattern, while sodium and calcium changes do not characteristically cause this combined picture.

Question 25Fundamentals of Health Care and Anatomy-Physiology

A patient who has just eaten a large carbohydrate meal is expected to show which hormonal response?

  1. Rising insulin and falling glucagon Correct answer.
  2. Rising glucagon and falling insulin
  3. Falling insulin and falling glucagon
  4. Rising cortisol and falling insulin

Explanation

After a carbohydrate meal, blood glucose rises and stimulates insulin release from beta cells while suppressing glucagon from alpha cells. This combination promotes glucose uptake and storage and reduces hepatic glucose output.

Question 26Fundamentals of Health Care and Anatomy-Physiology

A health care worker is preparing a patient for a routine physical examination. Which position places the patient flat on the back with the legs bent and feet supported in stirrups?

  1. Prone position
  2. Lithotomy position Correct answer.
  3. Fowler position
  4. Trendelenburg position

Explanation

The lithotomy position has the patient supine with hips and knees flexed and the feet or legs supported, giving access to the perineal and pelvic area for examinations and procedures. Each other listed position differs in the angle of the trunk or the placement of the patient's front or head.

Question 27Fundamentals of Health Care and Anatomy-Physiology

A patient is admitted with a suspected fracture of the shaft of the femur. Which immediate nursing action is most appropriate while awaiting imaging?

  1. Ask the patient to walk a few steps to assess the severity of the injury
  2. Wrap the limb tightly with a bandage to reduce swelling before assessment
  3. Apply firm massage over the fracture site to relieve muscle spasm
  4. Immobilize the limb in the position found and check distal pulses and sensation Correct answer.

Explanation

A suspected long-bone fracture is splinted in the position found, and circulation, movement, and sensation distal to the injury are checked before and after splinting. This prevents further displacement and detects neurovascular compromise early.

Question 28Fundamentals of Health Care and Anatomy-Physiology

During a procedure a health care worker's glove tears and blood contacts the skin of the forearm. Which action should the worker take first?

  1. Wait to see whether symptoms develop before informing the supervisor
  2. Apply an antiseptic cream to the forearm and cover it with a bandage
  3. Continue the procedure and change gloves after it is completed
  4. Wash the exposed skin thoroughly with soap and water, then report the exposure Correct answer.

Explanation

After a blood or body fluid exposure, the contaminated skin is washed immediately with soap and water to reduce the infectious dose, and the exposure is then reported so that post-exposure assessment can begin promptly.

Question 29Fundamentals of Health Care and Anatomy-Physiology

Which statement correctly describes the role of the epiglottis during swallowing?

  1. It vibrates to produce sound as the bolus moves through the pharynx
  2. It secretes enzymes that begin the digestion of proteins in the mouth
  3. It folds over the opening of the larynx so that the bolus passes into the esophagus Correct answer.
  4. It closes the esophagus so that air enters the lungs during the swallow

Explanation

During the pharyngeal phase of swallowing, the epiglottis tips over the laryngeal inlet and the vocal cords close, directing the bolus into the esophagus and protecting the airway. This is the key mechanism that prevents aspiration.

Question 30Fundamentals of Health Care and Anatomy-Physiology

A patient is short of breath and the health care worker counts 24 breaths in one full minute. Which term describes this finding?

  1. Dyspnea
  2. Bradypnea
  3. Tachypnea Correct answer.
  4. Apnea

Explanation

Tachypnea is an abnormally fast respiratory rate, generally above 20 breaths per minute in an adult. The term describes the rate itself, while dyspnea describes the patient's sensation of difficult breathing.

Question 31Basic Nursing Care and Patient Hygiene

A patient is on strict bed rest. Which action best protects the skin over the sacrum from pressure injury?

  1. Repositioning the patient at planned intervals and keeping the area clean and dry Correct answer.
  2. Keeping the head of the bed raised at 60 degrees continuously
  3. Massaging the reddened bony area firmly to restore circulation
  4. Placing a rubber ring under the sacrum to lift it off the bed

Explanation

Pressure injury prevention depends on relieving sustained pressure, usually by scheduled repositioning, together with keeping skin clean and dry so friction and moisture damage are reduced. Repositioning intervals are planned according to the patient's risk assessment and skin condition.

Question 32Basic Nursing Care and Patient Hygiene

Which sequence correctly describes the standard steps of a bed bath?

  1. Wash the back first, then the face and arms
  2. Wash the legs first, then the face, then the back
  3. Wash the face and neck, then the trunk and limbs, finishing with the back and perineal area Correct answer.
  4. Wash the perineal area first, then the face and trunk

Explanation

A bed bath proceeds from the cleanest areas to the least clean: face and neck first, then trunk and limbs, and the perineal area last so contamination is not carried upward. The back is usually washed when the patient is turned, before perineal care.

Question 33Basic Nursing Care and Patient Hygiene

What is the main purpose of oral care for an unconscious patient?

  1. To keep the mouth clean and moist and reduce aspiration-related infection risk Correct answer.
  2. To stimulate the gag reflex so swallowing returns
  3. To whiten the teeth for appearance
  4. To test whether the patient can tolerate oral fluids

Explanation

An unconscious patient cannot swallow or clear secretions, so oral care focuses on cleaning and moistening the mouth and reducing the bacterial load that can lead to aspiration pneumonia. It is performed with the head turned to the side and without instilling fluid that cannot be cleared.

Question 34Basic Nursing Care and Patient Hygiene

When making an occupied bed, why is the patient turned toward the side being prepared rather than left facing the soiled linen?

  1. To check the patient's pupillary reaction
  2. To keep the patient warm during the procedure
  3. To allow the soiled linen to be removed and clean linen applied without dragging the patient over creases Correct answer.
  4. To measure the patient's abdominal girth

Explanation

Turning the patient toward the prepared side lets the nurse roll and remove soiled linen and smooth clean linen underneath, then turn the patient back onto a wrinkle-free surface. Creases and crumbs under the body contribute to skin breakdown.

Question 35Basic Nursing Care and Patient Hygiene

A patient has been vomiting. Which immediate action is most appropriate to maintain airway safety and hygiene?

  1. Place the patient in a sitting position and leave the mouth uncleaned
  2. Turn the head to one side, clear the mouth, and provide mouth care after the episode Correct answer.
  3. Lie the patient flat and offer a drink of water
  4. Give a large drink of water to wash the mouth

Explanation

After vomiting, the priority is preventing aspiration and removing residue, so the head is turned to the side, the mouth is cleared, and oral care follows. This protects the airway and keeps the mouth clean and comfortable.

Question 36Basic Nursing Care and Patient Hygiene

Which observation should be recorded after completing a patient's bath?

  1. The number of staff present in the ward
  2. The condition of the skin, including any redness, breaks, or rashes Correct answer.
  3. The patient's favourite soap brand
  4. The brand of the bed linen used

Explanation

Bathing provides an opportunity to inspect the whole skin surface, so findings such as redness over bony prominences, breaks, rashes, or moisture lesions must be documented and reported. These observations feed into pressure injury and skin care plans.

Question 37Basic Nursing Care and Patient Hygiene

What is the correct position for a patient receiving a bedpan?

  1. Semi-Fowler position with the head of the bed raised and the patient's knees slightly bent Correct answer.
  2. Flat on the back with the head of the bed lowered completely
  3. Standing at the bedside supporting their own weight
  4. Prone with the face turned to one side

Explanation

A semi-Fowler position with the head raised and knees slightly flexed uses gravity and relaxes abdominal muscles, making elimination easier and safer for a bed-bound patient. The bedpan is warmed and positioned with the wider end under the buttocks.

Question 38Basic Nursing Care and Patient Hygiene

Which item is essential personal protective equipment when performing perineal care?

  1. Clean gloves, with an apron if splashing is likely Correct answer.
  2. A lead apron
  3. Sterile gown and cap for every patient
  4. A surgical mask only

Explanation

Perineal care involves contact with body fluids, so clean gloves are the minimum protection, and a plastic apron is added when splashing is anticipated. Hand hygiene before and after the procedure remains essential.

Question 39Basic Nursing Care and Patient Hygiene

A bed-bound patient has an indwelling urinary catheter. Which action best supports catheter-associated infection prevention during daily hygiene?

  1. Clamping the catheter for several hours each day
  2. Routinely disconnecting the catheter from the drainage bag to clean it
  3. Performing meatal care with clean technique and keeping the drainage bag below bladder level Correct answer.
  4. Applying talcum powder around the urethral meatus

Explanation

Routine meatal care with clean technique and a drainage bag kept below bladder level prevents urine backflow and reduces the risk of catheter-associated urinary tract infection. The closed drainage system should be maintained whenever possible.

Question 40Basic Nursing Care and Patient Hygiene

Which finding on skin inspection should be reported immediately as a possible early pressure injury?

  1. A localized area of non-blanchable erythema over a bony prominence Correct answer.
  2. A small freckle on the forearm
  3. Generalized warm, dry skin after a bath
  4. A blanchable pink area that fades within minutes of pressure relief

Explanation

Non-blanchable erythema over a bony prominence is the hallmark of an early pressure injury and must be documented and reported so pressure relief and skin care can be intensified. Blanchable redness that resolves is a normal response to short pressure.

Question 41Basic Nursing Care and Patient Hygiene

A patient is receiving a bed bath and the water has become cool. What is the best action?

  1. Continue with the cool water to save time
  2. Add hot water directly to the basin without testing
  3. Finish the bath using no water at all
  4. Replace the water with comfortably warm water before continuing Correct answer.

Explanation

Cool water causes chilling and discomfort and cleans less effectively, so it should be replaced with comfortably warm water that is tested before use. Water that is too hot risks burns, especially in patients with reduced sensation.

Question 42Basic Nursing Care and Patient Hygiene

Why should the foreskin be replaced after cleansing an uncircumcised male patient during perineal care?

  1. To help the patient pass urine faster
  2. To prevent paraphimosis, in which a retracted foreskin constricts the glans Correct answer.
  3. To hide the glans from view
  4. To keep the patient warm

Explanation

If the retracted foreskin is left behind the glans, it can swell and constrict the penis, causing paraphimosis, which is a vascular emergency. Replacing the foreskin after cleansing prevents this complication.

Question 43Basic Nursing Care and Patient Hygiene

Which technique is correct when cleaning the perineal area of a female patient?

  1. Wipe from the front toward the back using a separate part of the cloth each stroke Correct answer.
  2. Wipe only the outer labia and leave the rest uncleaned
  3. Scrub back and forth with the same cloth
  4. Wipe from the anus toward the vagina

Explanation

Wiping from the front toward the back, using a fresh part of the cloth for each stroke, moves organisms away from the urethra and vagina and prevents faecal contamination. This reduces the risk of urinary and genital infection.

Question 44Basic Nursing Care and Patient Hygiene

A patient with diabetes and reduced sensation in the feet needs foot care. Which action is safest?

  1. Soaking the feet in very hot water for thirty minutes
  2. Drying carefully between the toes and inspecting for cracks, blisters, and colour change Correct answer.
  3. Applying a heating pad to cold feet
  4. Cutting corns and calluses with a blade

Explanation

Patients with diabetes and neuropathy are at high risk of unnoticed injury, so foot care focuses on inspection, gentle washing, and thorough drying between the toes. Corns and calluses should be managed by trained staff rather than cut with a blade.

Question 45Basic Nursing Care and Patient Hygiene

Which practice helps prevent the spread of infection when handling soiled linen from a patient's bed?

  1. Holding the linen away from the body and placing it directly into the designated bag Correct answer.
  2. Sorting the linen on the patient's bed
  3. Carrying the linen against the uniform to keep it tidy
  4. Shaking the linen in the air to remove crumbs

Explanation

Soiled linen should be handled without shaking, held away from the body, and placed directly into the correct laundry bag to prevent dispersal of microorganisms and contamination of clothing. Sorting is done in the laundry, not at the bedside.

Question 46Basic Nursing Care and Patient Hygiene

A patient who is confused repeatedly tries to get out of bed during hygiene care. Which approach is most appropriate?

  1. Explain each step calmly, work efficiently, and keep the call bell and needed items within reach Correct answer.
  2. Ask another patient to hold the patient still
  3. Perform the care without speaking to the patient
  4. Restrain the wrists tightly to the bed rails

Explanation

For a confused patient, calm explanation, an unhurried but efficient approach, and keeping essential items within reach reduce agitation and maintain safety. Physical restraints require specific clinical justification and are not a routine hygiene measure.

Question 47Basic Nursing Care and Patient Hygiene

What is the main reason for giving mouth care to a patient who is nil by mouth and receiving oxygen?

  1. To lower the oxygen flow rate
  2. To increase appetite for the next meal
  3. To measure the patient's temperature
  4. To reduce the drying effect on mucosa and the risk of oral infection and aspiration pneumonia Correct answer.

Explanation

Oxygen therapy and fasting both dry the oral mucosa, and the resulting thick secretions and bacterial growth increase the risk of oral infection and aspiration pneumonia. Regular mouth care keeps the mucosa moist and reduces this risk.

Question 48Basic Nursing Care and Patient Hygiene

A patient has a sacral pressure injury with slough in the wound bed. Which action is appropriate for a nurse assisting with hygiene?

  1. Apply talcum powder to the wound to keep it dry
  2. Scrub the slough away with a dry gauze until bleeding occurs
  3. Cleanse gently with the prescribed solution and avoid vigorous scrubbing of the wound bed Correct answer.
  4. Leave the wound uncovered and wet after bathing

Explanation

Wound cleansing should be gentle and use the prescribed solution, because vigorous scrubbing damages granulation tissue and delays healing. The wound is then managed according to the prescribed dressing plan.

Question 49Basic Nursing Care and Patient Hygiene

Which observation during a bath suggests that a patient may be developing moisture-associated skin damage rather than a pressure injury?

  1. Redness confined to a bony prominence with a defined edge
  2. Diffuse inflammation in skin folds such as the groin and under the breasts, with maceration Correct answer.
  3. A blister over the elbow after prolonged pressure
  4. A firm, purple area over the heel

Explanation

Moisture-associated skin damage tends to affect skin folds exposed to urine, faeces, or sweat, producing diffuse inflammation and maceration rather than the localized, defined lesion over a bony prominence typical of pressure injury. Distinguishing the two guides correct prevention.

Question 50Basic Nursing Care and Patient Hygiene

After assisting a patient with a bedpan, which action is most important for infection control?

  1. Wiping the bedpan with a dry cloth only
  2. Rinsing the gloves and reusing them for the next patient
  3. Removing gloves and performing hand hygiene immediately Correct answer.
  4. Placing the used bedpan on the patient's bedside table

Explanation

Hand hygiene after removing gloves is the single most important measure to prevent transmission of organisms after contact with excretions. Gloves must never be washed and reused, and equipment must be cleaned and stored appropriately.