UPSSSC ASO key terms

दो वर्णों या शब्दों के मेल से होने वाला परिवर्तन। जैसे विद्या + आलय = विद्यालय। प्रश्नों में संधि-विच्छेद और संधि का प्रकार पूछा जाता है।

संयुक्त शब्द को उसके मूल घटकों में अलग करके लिखने की प्रक्रिया। यह संधि का उल्टा कार्य है और परीक्षा में सीधे प्रश्न बनता है।

दो या अधिक शब्दों के मेल से बने नए संक्षिप्त शब्द की रचना। जैसे राजपुत्र = राजा का पुत्र। समास के भेद जैसे तत्पुरुष, बहुव्रीहि, द्वंद्व पूछे जाते हैं।

वह शब्दांश जो मूल शब्द से पहले जुड़कर उसका अर्थ बदल देता है। जैसे अन + पढ़ = अनपढ़। उपसर्ग और प्रत्यय की पहचान सामान्य हिंदी का स्थायी प्रश्न-क्षेत्र है।

वह शब्दांश जो मूल शब्द के बाद जुड़कर नया अर्थ या भाव बनाता है। जैसे लड़क + पन = लड़कपन। कृत् और तद्धित प्रत्यय के भेद अक्सर पूछे जाते हैं।

वह शब्द जो किसी दूसरे शब्द के अर्थ का उल्टा बताता है। जैसे दिन का विलोम रात है। शब्द-भंडार खंड में विलोम-जोड़ी पहचानने का प्रश्न आता है।

एक ही अर्थ बताने वाले अनेक शब्द। जैसे जल, पानी, नीर, अंबु। परीक्षा में किसी शब्द का समानार्थी चुनने को कहा जाता है।

वह शब्द जिसके प्रसंग के अनुसार दो या अधिक अर्थ होते हैं। जैसे 'काल' का अर्थ समय, मृत्यु या यम हो सकता है। वाक्य में सही अर्थ चुनना पूछा जाता है।

वह वाक्यांश जिसका अर्थ शब्दों के सीधे अर्थ से नहीं, बल्कि लक्षणा से निकलता है। जैसे 'आँख का तारा' का अर्थ बहुत प्रिय व्यक्ति।

जन-जीवन के अनुभव से बनी पूर्ण कहावत, जो अपने आप में एक सूक्ति जैसा अर्थ देती है। जैसे 'अंधों में काना राजा'। मुहावरे से इसे अलग पहचानना जरूरी है।

वाक्य में कर्ता, कर्म और क्रिया के संबंध को दर्शाने वाला व्याकरणिक रूप। कर्तृवाच्य, कर्मवाच्य और भाववाच्य इसके तीन भेद हैं और वाच्य-परिवर्तन पूछा जाता है।

क्रिया के होने के समय का बोध कराने वाला व्याकरणिक तत्व। भूतकाल, वर्तमान काल और भविष्यत् काल इसके मुख्य भेद हैं, जिन पर क्रिया-शुद्धि के प्रश्न आते हैं।

वाक्य में वर्तनी, लिंग, वचन, कारक या क्रिया-प्रयोग की गलती पहचानकर उसे ठीक करना। सामान्य हिंदी में शुद्ध वाक्य चुनने का प्रश्न इसी कौशल पर आधारित है।

A word that carries the same or nearly the same meaning as another word, such as 'begin' and 'commence'. Synonym questions test whether you can pick the closest equivalent in meaning.

A word whose meaning is opposite to another word, such as 'scarce' and 'abundant'. Antonym items ask you to select the word most nearly opposite in sense to the given word.

A fixed group of words whose meaning cannot be worked out from the individual words, such as 'to let the cat out of the bag' meaning to reveal a secret.

A verb combined with an adverb or preposition that produces a new meaning, such as 'give up' meaning to quit. The particle changes the sense and cannot be guessed literally.

A single word that replaces a whole phrase or clause, such as 'omnipotent' for one who is all-powerful. These items test precise vocabulary recall rather than grammar.

A sentence pattern in which the subject performs the action, as in 'The clerk filed the report'. Converting between active and passive voice is a standard grammar item.

A sentence pattern in which the subject receives the action, as in 'The report was filed by the clerk'. The object of the active sentence becomes the subject here.

Reporting a speaker's exact words inside quotation marks, as in 'She said, "I am ready."' Converting it into indirect speech changes pronouns, tense and punctuation.

The determiners 'a', 'an' and 'the' used before nouns. 'A' and 'an' are indefinite, 'the' is definite, and choosing correctly depends on sound and specificity.

A word showing the relation of a noun or pronoun to another element, such as 'in', 'on', 'at' and 'between'. Fill-in items test which preposition fits the fixed expression.

The rule that a verb must match its subject in number and person, as in 'He writes' versus 'They write'. Collective nouns and intervening phrases often create traps in these items.

The basic freedoms guaranteed to citizens under Part III of the Indian Constitution, such as equality, speech and life. They are enforceable in courts through writs.

Guidelines in Part IV of the Constitution that direct governments to promote welfare, listed as non-justiciable goals. They guide law-making even though courts cannot enforce them directly.

A formal written order of a court commanding or restraining an action. Habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibition, certiorari and quo warranto are the five writs named in the Constitution.

The three-tier system of local self-government in rural India at village, block and district levels, given constitutional status by the 73rd Amendment Act of 1992.

The interest rate at which the Reserve Bank of India lends short-term funds to commercial banks against securities. Raising it usually tightens liquidity and cools inflation.

The central bank's management of money supply and interest rates to control inflation and support growth. In India the Monetary Policy Committee sets the key policy rate.

The gap between total government expenditure and total receipts excluding borrowings. It shows how much the government must borrow and is expressed as a share of GDP.

A reasoning item giving two or more premises and asking which conclusion follows necessarily. Validity depends on logical form, not on whether the statements are factually true.

Puzzles describing family links through statements or symbols, asking how two people are related. Drawing a small family tree avoids confusion over gender and generation.

Items where words or numbers are written in a rule-based code and you must decode a new word or encode a given one. Spotting the letter shift or position pattern is the key step.

Puzzles placing people in rows, circles or squares under given conditions, asking who sits where. A rough diagram and elimination of fixed positions make the solution reliable.

Finding the missing or next term in a sequence of numbers, letters or figures by identifying the underlying rule, such as a constant difference or an alternating pattern.

A fraction expressed out of one hundred, so 25% means 25 per 100. Percentage change compares the difference to the original value and is central to profit and data interpretation sums.

Ratio compares two quantities of the same kind, while proportion states that two ratios are equal. Unitary-method and partnership problems rely on setting up these equalities correctly.

Interest computed only on the original principal for the whole period, using principal times rate times time divided by one hundred. It ignores interest already earned.

Interest calculated on the principal plus previously accumulated interest, so the amount grows faster than under simple interest. It is standard for bank and population-growth problems.

The sum of a set of values divided by how many values there are. Knowing that total equals average times count lets you solve missing-value and replacement problems quickly.

Problems linking distance covered, speed of travel and time taken through the relation distance equals speed times time. Unit conversion and relative speed are common complications.

The arithmetic average of observations, found by dividing the sum of all values by their number. It uses every observation and is affected strongly by extreme values.

The middle value of observations arranged in order; with an even count it is the average of the two middle values. It is a positional average and resists distortion by outliers.

The value that occurs most frequently in a data set. A distribution may have one mode, several modes or none, and the mode is the only average usable for categorical data.

The positive square root of the variance, expressing how far observations typically spread from the mean in the original units. A small value means values cluster tightly.

The average of squared deviations of observations from their mean. Squaring removes sign and penalises large deviations, so variance is in squared units of the data.

The ratio of standard deviation to mean, usually multiplied by one hundred and given as a percentage. Being unit-free, it compares variability across data sets with different scales.

A measure of the direction and strength of linear association between two variables, ranging from minus one to plus one. It does not by itself prove that one variable causes the other.

A method of fitting an equation that predicts one variable from another by minimising squared errors. The regression coefficient gives the expected change in the dependent variable per unit change in the independent variable.

A graph plotting paired observations as points on two axes, used to see whether a relationship exists and whether it looks linear, curved or absent.

Selecting a part of a population to study so that conclusions can be generalised to the whole. Random selection makes estimates unbiased and allows sampling error to be measured.

The difference between a sample estimate and the true population value that arises purely because only part of the population was observed. It shrinks as sample size grows.

The standard deviation of a statistic's sampling distribution, showing how much an estimate would vary from sample to sample. It is commonly estimated as standard deviation divided by root n.

A number between zero and one expressing how likely an event is, calculated for equally likely outcomes as favourable outcomes divided by total outcomes.

A symmetric bell-shaped continuous distribution defined by its mean and standard deviation, with mean, median and mode all equal. About 68% of values lie within one standard deviation of the mean.

A relative measure showing change in a variable or group of variables over time with respect to a base period set equal to one hundred. Price indices track inflation.