UPSSSC PET cheat sheet

Fundamental Rights (Part III, Articles 12–35): six rights exist today; the Right to Property was removed from Part III by the 44th Amendment (1978) and made a legal right under Article 300A.

Directive Principles of National Policy sit in Part IV (Articles 36–51); they are non-justiciable, while Fundamental Rights are enforceable through writs under Article 32 (Supreme Court) and Article 226 (High Courts).

President of India is elected by an electoral college of elected MPs and elected MLAs of states and Delhi/Puducherry, using the single transferable vote system of proportional representation.

Indian Constitution was adopted on 26 November 1949 and came into force on 26 January 1950; the Constituent Assembly had 389 members initially, reduced to 299 after Partition.

UP-specific: Uttar Pradesh has 403 Assembly seats, 80 Lok Sabha seats and 31 Rajya Sabha seats; its capital is Lucknow and the High Court is at Prayagraj (Allahabad).

Rivers of UP: Ganga enters at Bijnor, Yamuna at Saharanpur; the confluence at Prayagraj is called Triveni (Ganga, Yamuna, mythical Saraswati).

Classical dance mapping: Kathak-Uttar Pradesh, Bharatanatyam-Tamil Nadu, Kathakali and Mohiniyattam-Kerala, Odissi-Odisha, Kuchipudi-Andhra Pradesh, Manipuri-Manipur, Sattriya-Assam.

Planetary order from the Sun: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune; Jupiter is the largest planet and Venus the hottest.

SI base units: length metre, mass kilogram, time second, electric current ampere, temperature kelvin, amount of substance mole, luminous intensity candela.

Newton's laws: F = ma; every action has an equal and opposite reaction; a body stays at rest or in uniform motion unless acted on by a net external force.

Photosynthesis: 6CO2 + 6H2O + light → C6H12O6 + 6O2, occurring in chloroplasts; chlorophyll absorbs mainly blue and red light and reflects green.

Human blood: pH about 7.4; red blood cells live roughly 120 days; haemoglobin carries oxygen; blood groups follow the ABO and Rh systems, and O-negative is the universal donor.

Common formulae: speed = distance/time; work = force × displacement; density = mass/volume; Ohm's law V = IR; power P = VI = I²R.

Deficiency diseases: vitamin A-night blindness; B1-beriberi; C-scurvy; D-rickets; iodine-goitre; iron-anaemia; calcium-weak bones.

Acids turn blue litmus red, bases turn red litmus blue; pH below 7 is acidic, 7 neutral, above 7 basic; pH scale runs 0–14.

Chemical symbols to recall: Na sodium, K potassium, Fe iron, Cu copper, Ag silver, Au gold, Pb lead, Hg mercury, Sn tin, Zn zinc.

स्वर 11: ह्रस्व (अ इ उ ऋ), दीर्घ (आ ई ऊ ॠ), प्लुत (ए ऐ ओ औ) - मुख्य रूप से 11 स्वर और 33 व्यंजन माने जाते हैं।

संधि: स्वर संधि (दो स्वर), व्यंजन संधि, विसर्ग संधि। उदाहरण - विद्या + आलय = विद्यालय (दीर्घ संधि), सूर्य + उदय = सूर्योदय (गुण संधि)।

समास के छह भेद: अव्ययीभाव, तत्पुरुष, कर्मधारय, द्विगु, द्वंद्व, बहुव्रीहि। राजपुत्र = तत्पुरुष; नीलकमल = कर्मधारय; चौराहा = द्विगु।

उपसर्ग अर्थ बदलते हैं: अनु (पीछे/समान), अप (बुरा), प्र (प्रकर्ष), वि (विशेष/विपरीत), नि (नीचे), अधि (ऊपर)।

प्रत्यय: कृत् प्रत्यय क्रिया से (पढ़ + आई = पढ़ाई), तद्धित प्रत्यय संज्ञा/विशेषण से (लड़का + पन = लड़कपन)।

अलंकार: अनुप्रास (वर्ण की आवृत्ति), उपमा (सा/सी/सम), रूपक (अभेद आरोप), यमक (एक शब्द भिन्न अर्थ में दो बार), श्लेष (एक शब्द अनेक अर्थ)।

रस नौ हैं: शृंगार, हास्य, करुण, रौद्र, वीर, भयानक, बीभत्स, अद्भुत, शांत; शृंगार को रसराज कहा जाता है।

वर्तनी नियम: 'ऋ' के बाद 'र' नहीं आता जैसे कृष्ण; श/ष/स का प्रयोग शब्द-रूप पर निर्भर है - शिक्षा, पुष्प, सर्व।

Tenses: simple present for habits and universal truths; present continuous for actions now; present perfect (has/have + V3) for past actions with present relevance.

Active to passive: object becomes subject, verb becomes be + past participle, agent follows 'by' - 'She wrote a letter' → 'A letter was written by her.'

Articles: 'a' before consonant sounds (a university, a one-rupee coin), 'an' before vowel sounds (an hour, an M.A.), 'the' for unique or already specified nouns.

Prepositions of time: in (months, years, long periods), on (days, dates), at (exact time, night, noon).

Subject-verb agreement: each/every/either/neither + singular verb; 'one of the + plural noun' takes a singular verb; collective nouns usually take a singular verb.

Common error pairs: 'discuss about' → 'discuss'; 'return back' → 'return'; 'more better' → 'better'; 'one of my friend' → 'one of my friends'.

Idioms: 'a piece of cake' = very easy; 'once in a blue moon' = very rarely; 'to let the cat out of the bag' = to reveal a secret.

Direct to indirect speech: present tense in reporting clause keeps tense unchanged; past reporting verb shifts present to past, and 'today' becomes 'that day'.

Fundamental Rights (Part III, Articles 12–35): six rights exist today; the Right to Property was removed from Part III by the 44th Amendment (1978) and made a legal right under Article 300A.

Directive Principles of State Policy sit in Part IV (Articles 36–51); they are non-justiciable, while Fundamental Rights are enforceable through writs under Article 32 (Supreme Court) and Article 226 (High Courts).

The President of India is elected by an electoral college of elected MPs and elected MLAs of states and of Delhi and Puducherry, using proportional representation by single transferable vote.

The Constitution was adopted on 26 November 1949 and came into force on 26 January 1950; the Constituent Assembly had 389 members initially, reduced to 299 after Partition.

Uttar Pradesh has 403 Assembly seats, 80 Lok Sabha seats and 31 Rajya Sabha seats; its capital is Lucknow and its High Court is at Prayagraj (Allahabad).

Rivers of UP: the Ganga enters at Bijnor and the Yamuna at Saharanpur; their confluence at Prayagraj is called Triveni (Ganga, Yamuna and the mythical Saraswati).

Classical dance mapping: Kathak-Uttar Pradesh, Bharatanatyam-Tamil Nadu, Kathakali and Mohiniyattam-Kerala, Odissi-Odisha, Kuchipudi-Andhra Pradesh, Manipuri-Manipur, Sattriya-Assam.

Planetary order from the Sun: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune; Jupiter is the largest planet and Venus the hottest.

SI base units: length metre, mass kilogram, time second, electric current ampere, temperature kelvin, amount of substance mole, luminous intensity candela.

Newton's laws: F = ma; every action has an equal and opposite reaction; a body stays at rest or in uniform motion unless acted on by a net external force.

Photosynthesis: 6CO2 + 6H2O + light → C6H12O6 + 6O2, occurring in chloroplasts; chlorophyll absorbs mainly blue and red light and reflects green.

Human blood: pH about 7.4; red blood cells live roughly 120 days; haemoglobin carries oxygen; blood groups follow the ABO and Rh systems, and O-negative is the universal donor.

Common formulae: speed = distance/time; work = force × displacement; density = mass/volume; Ohm's law V = IR; power P = VI = I²R.

Deficiency diseases: vitamin A-night blindness; B1-beriberi; C-scurvy; D-rickets; iodine-goitre; iron-anaemia; calcium-weak bones.

Acids turn blue litmus red, bases turn red litmus blue; pH below 7 is acidic, 7 neutral, above 7 basic; the pH scale runs 0–14.

Chemical symbols to recall: Na sodium, K potassium, Fe iron, Cu copper, Ag silver, Au gold, Pb lead, Hg mercury, Sn tin, Zn zinc.

स्वर 11: ह्रस्व (अ इ उ ऋ), दीर्घ (आ ई ऊ ॠ), प्लुत (ए ऐ ओ औ) - मुख्य रूप से 11 स्वर और 33 व्यंजन माने जाते हैं।

संधि: स्वर संधि (दो स्वर), व्यंजन संधि, विसर्ग संधि। उदाहरण - विद्या + आलय = विद्यालय (दीर्घ संधि), सूर्य + उदय = सूर्योदय (गुण संधि)।

समास के छह भेद: अव्ययीभाव, तत्पुरुष, कर्मधारय, द्विगु, द्वंद्व, बहुव्रीहि। राजपुत्र = तत्पुरुष; नीलकमल = कर्मधारय; चौराहा = द्विगु।

उपसर्ग अर्थ बदलते हैं: अनु (पीछे/समान), अप (बुरा), प्र (प्रकर्ष), वि (विशेष/विपरीत), नि (नीचे), अधि (ऊपर)।

प्रत्यय: कृत् प्रत्यय क्रिया से (पढ़ + आई = पढ़ाई), तद्धित प्रत्यय संज्ञा/विशेषण से (लड़का + पन = लड़कपन)।

अलंकार: अनुप्रास (वर्ण की आवृत्ति), उपमा (सा/सी/सम), रूपक (अभेद आरोप), यमक (एक शब्द भिन्न अर्थ में दो बार), श्लेष (एक शब्द अनेक अर्थ)।

रस नौ हैं: शृंगार, हास्य, करुण, रौद्र, वीर, भयानक, बीभत्स, अद्भुत, शांत; शृंगार को रसराज कहा जाता है।

वर्तनी नियम: 'ऋ' के बाद 'र' नहीं आता जैसे कृष्ण; श/ष/स का प्रयोग शब्द-रूप पर निर्भर है - शिक्षा, पुष्प, सर्व।

Tenses: simple present for habits and universal truths; present continuous for actions now; present perfect (has/have + V3) for past actions with present relevance.

Active to passive: object becomes subject, verb becomes be + past participle, agent follows 'by' - 'She wrote a letter' → 'A letter was written by her.'

Articles: 'a' before consonant sounds (a university, a one-rupee coin), 'an' before vowel sounds (an hour, an M.A.), 'the' for unique or already specified nouns.

Prepositions of time: in (months, years, long periods), on (days, dates), at (exact time, night, noon).

Subject-verb agreement: each/every/either/neither + singular verb; 'one of the + plural noun' takes a singular verb; collective nouns usually take a singular verb.

Common error pairs: 'discuss about' → 'discuss'; 'return back' → 'return'; 'more better' → 'better'; 'one of my friend' → 'one of my friends'.

Idioms: 'a piece of cake' = very easy; 'once in a blue moon' = very rarely; 'to let the cat out of the bag' = to reveal a secret.

Direct to indirect speech: present tense in reporting clause keeps tense unchanged; past reporting verb shifts present to past, and 'today' becomes 'that day'.

Fundamental Rights (Part III, Articles 12–35): six rights exist today; the Right to Property was removed from Part III by the 44th Amendment (1978) and made a legal right under Article 300A.

Directive Principles of State Policy sit in Part IV (Articles 36–51); they are non-justiciable, while Fundamental Rights are enforceable through writs under Article 32 (Supreme Court) and Article 226 (High Courts).

The President of India is elected by an electoral college of elected MPs and elected MLAs of states and of Delhi and Puducherry, using proportional representation by single transferable vote.

The Constitution was adopted on 26 November 1949 and came into force on 26 January 1950; the Constituent Assembly had 389 members initially, reduced to 299 after Partition.

Uttar Pradesh has 403 Assembly seats, 80 Lok Sabha seats and 31 Rajya Sabha seats; its capital is Lucknow and its High Court is at Prayagraj (Allahabad).

Rivers of UP: the Ganga enters at Bijnor and the Yamuna at Saharanpur; their confluence at Prayagraj is called Triveni (Ganga, Yamuna and the mythical Saraswati).

Classical dance mapping: Kathak-Uttar Pradesh, Bharatanatyam-Tamil Nadu, Kathakali and Mohiniyattam-Kerala, Odissi-Odisha, Kuchipudi-Andhra Pradesh, Manipuri-Manipur, Sattriya-Assam.

Planetary order from the Sun: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune; Jupiter is the largest planet and Venus the hottest.

SI base units: length metre, mass kilogram, time second, electric current ampere, temperature kelvin, amount of substance mole, luminous intensity candela.

Newton's laws: F = ma; every action has an equal and opposite reaction; a body stays at rest or in uniform motion unless acted on by a net external force.

Photosynthesis: 6CO2 + 6H2O + light → C6H12O6 + 6O2, occurring in chloroplasts; chlorophyll absorbs mainly blue and red light and reflects green.

Human blood: pH about 7.4; red blood cells live roughly 120 days; haemoglobin carries oxygen; blood groups follow the ABO and Rh systems, and O-negative is the universal donor.

Common formulae: speed = distance/time; work = force × displacement; density = mass/volume; Ohm's law V = IR; power P = VI = I²R.

Deficiency diseases: vitamin A-night blindness; B1-beriberi; C-scurvy; D-rickets; iodine-goitre; iron-anaemia; calcium-weak bones.

Acids turn blue litmus red, bases turn red litmus blue; pH below 7 is acidic, 7 neutral, above 7 basic; the pH scale runs 0–14.

Chemical symbols to recall: Na sodium, K potassium, Fe iron, Cu copper, Ag silver, Au gold, Pb lead, Hg mercury, Sn tin, Zn zinc.

स्वर 11: ह्रस्व (अ इ उ ऋ), दीर्घ (आ ई ऊ ॠ), प्लुत (ए ऐ ओ औ) - मुख्य रूप से 11 स्वर और 33 व्यंजन माने जाते हैं।

संधि: स्वर संधि (दो स्वर), व्यंजन संधि, विसर्ग संधि। उदाहरण - विद्या + आलय = विद्यालय (दीर्घ संधि), सूर्य + उदय = सूर्योदय (गुण संधि)।

समास के छह भेद: अव्ययीभाव, तत्पुरुष, कर्मधारय, द्विगु, द्वंद्व, बहुव्रीहि। राजपुत्र = तत्पुरुष; नीलकमल = कर्मधारय; चौराहा = द्विगु।

उपसर्ग अर्थ बदलते हैं: अनु (पीछे/समान), अप (बुरा), प्र (प्रकर्ष), वि (विशेष/विपरीत), नि (नीचे), अधि (ऊपर)।

प्रत्यय: कृत् प्रत्यय क्रिया से (पढ़ + आई = पढ़ाई), तद्धित प्रत्यय संज्ञा/विशेषण से (लड़का + पन = लड़कपन)।

अलंकार: अनुप्रास (वर्ण की आवृत्ति), उपमा (सा/सी/सम), रूपक (अभेद आरोप), यमक (एक शब्द भिन्न अर्थ में दो बार), श्लेष (एक शब्द अनेक अर्थ)।

रस नौ हैं: शृंगार, हास्य, करुण, रौद्र, वीर, भयानक, बीभत्स, अद्भुत, शांत; शृंगार को रसराज कहा जाता है।

वर्तनी नियम: 'ऋ' के बाद 'र' नहीं आता जैसे कृष्ण; श/ष/स का प्रयोग शब्द-रूप पर निर्भर है - शिक्षा, पुष्प, सर्व।

Tenses: simple present for habits and universal truths; present continuous for actions now; present perfect (has/have + V3) for past actions with present relevance.

Active to passive: object becomes subject, verb becomes be + past participle, agent follows 'by' - 'She wrote a letter' → 'A letter was written by her.'

Articles: 'a' before consonant sounds (a university, a one-rupee coin), 'an' before vowel sounds (an hour, an M.A.), 'the' for unique or already specified nouns.

Prepositions of time: in (months, years, long periods), on (days, dates), at (exact time, night, noon).

Subject-verb agreement: each/every/either/neither + singular verb; 'one of the + plural noun' takes a singular verb; collective nouns usually take a singular verb.

Common error pairs: 'discuss about' → 'discuss'; 'return back' → 'return'; 'more better' → 'better'; 'one of my friend' → 'one of my friends'.

Idioms: 'a piece of cake' = very easy; 'once in a blue moon' = very rarely; 'to let the cat out of the bag' = to reveal a secret.

Direct to indirect speech: present tense in reporting clause keeps tense unchanged; past reporting verb shifts present to past, and 'today' becomes 'that day'.

Fundamental Rights (Part III, Articles 12–35): six rights exist today; the Right to Property was removed from Part III by the 44th Amendment (1978) and made a legal right under Article 300A.

Directive Principles of State Policy sit in Part IV (Articles 36–51); they are non-justiciable, while Fundamental Rights are enforceable through writs under Article 32 (Supreme Court) and Article 226 (High Courts).

The President of India is elected by an electoral college of elected MPs and elected MLAs of states and of Delhi and Puducherry, using proportional representation by single transferable vote.

The Constitution was adopted on 26 November 1949 and came into force on 26 January 1950; the Constituent Assembly had 389 members initially, reduced to 299 after Partition.

Uttar Pradesh has 403 Assembly seats, 80 Lok Sabha seats and 31 Rajya Sabha seats; its capital is Lucknow and its High Court is at Prayagraj (Allahabad).

Rivers of UP: the Ganga enters at Bijnor and the Yamuna at Saharanpur; their confluence at Prayagraj is called Triveni (Ganga, Yamuna and the mythical Saraswati).

Classical dance mapping: Kathak-Uttar Pradesh, Bharatanatyam-Tamil Nadu, Kathakali and Mohiniyattam-Kerala, Odissi-Odisha, Kuchipudi-Andhra Pradesh, Manipuri-Manipur, Sattriya-Assam.

Planetary order from the Sun: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune; Jupiter is the largest planet and Venus the hottest.

SI base units: length metre, mass kilogram, time second, electric current ampere, temperature kelvin, amount of substance mole, luminous intensity candela.

Newton's laws: F = ma; every action has an equal and opposite reaction; a body stays at rest or in uniform motion unless acted on by a net external force.

Photosynthesis: 6CO2 + 6H2O + light → C6H12O6 + 6O2, occurring in chloroplasts; chlorophyll absorbs mainly blue and red light and reflects green.

Human blood: pH about 7.4; red blood cells live roughly 120 days; haemoglobin carries oxygen; blood groups follow the ABO and Rh systems, and O-negative is the universal donor.

Common formulae: speed = distance/time; work = force × displacement; density = mass/volume; Ohm's law V = IR; power P = VI = I²R.

Deficiency diseases: vitamin A-night blindness; B1-beriberi; C-scurvy; D-rickets; iodine-goitre; iron-anaemia; calcium-weak bones.

Acids turn blue litmus red, bases turn red litmus blue; pH below 7 is acidic, 7 neutral, above 7 basic; the pH scale runs 0–14.

Chemical symbols to recall: Na sodium, K potassium, Fe iron, Cu copper, Ag silver, Au gold, Pb lead, Hg mercury, Sn tin, Zn zinc.

स्वर 11: ह्रस्व (अ इ उ ऋ), दीर्घ (आ ई ऊ ॠ), प्लुत (ए ऐ ओ औ) - मुख्य रूप से 11 स्वर और 33 व्यंजन माने जाते हैं।

संधि: स्वर संधि (दो स्वर), व्यंजन संधि, विसर्ग संधि। उदाहरण - विद्या + आलय = विद्यालय (दीर्घ संधि), सूर्य + उदय = सूर्योदय (गुण संधि)।

समास के छह भेद: अव्ययीभाव, तत्पुरुष, कर्मधारय, द्विगु, द्वंद्व, बहुव्रीहि। राजपुत्र = तत्पुरुष; नीलकमल = कर्मधारय; चौराहा = द्विगु।

उपसर्ग अर्थ बदलते हैं: अनु (पीछे/समान), अप (बुरा), प्र (प्रकर्ष), वि (विशेष/विपरीत), नि (नीचे), अधि (ऊपर)।

प्रत्यय: कृत् प्रत्यय क्रिया से (पढ़ + आई = पढ़ाई), तद्धित प्रत्यय संज्ञा/विशेषण से (लड़का + पन = लड़कपन)।

अलंकार: अनुप्रास (वर्ण की आवृत्ति), उपमा (सा/सी/सम), रूपक (अभेद आरोप), यमक (एक शब्द भिन्न अर्थ में दो बार), श्लेष (एक शब्द अनेक अर्थ)।

रस नौ हैं: शृंगार, हास्य, करुण, रौद्र, वीर, भयानक, बीभत्स, अद्भुत, शांत; शृंगार को रसराज कहा जाता है।

वर्तनी नियम: 'ऋ' के बाद 'र' नहीं आता जैसे कृष्ण; श/ष/स का प्रयोग शब्द-रूप पर निर्भर है - शिक्षा, पुष्प, सर्व।

Tenses: simple present for habits and universal truths; present continuous for actions now; present perfect (has/have + V3) for past actions with present relevance.

Active to passive: object becomes subject, verb becomes be + past participle, agent follows 'by' - 'She wrote a letter' → 'A letter was written by her.'

Articles: 'a' before consonant sounds (a university, a one-rupee coin), 'an' before vowel sounds (an hour, an M.A.), 'the' for unique or already specified nouns.

Prepositions of time: in (months, years, long periods), on (days, dates), at (exact time, night, noon).

Subject-verb agreement: each/every/either/neither + singular verb; 'one of the + plural noun' takes a singular verb; collective nouns usually take a singular verb.

Common error pairs: 'discuss about' → 'discuss'; 'return back' → 'return'; 'more better' → 'better'; 'one of my friend' → 'one of my friends'.

Idioms: 'a piece of cake' = very easy; 'once in a blue moon' = very rarely; 'to let the cat out of the bag' = to reveal a secret.

Direct to indirect speech: present tense in reporting clause keeps tense unchanged; past reporting verb shifts present to past, and 'today' becomes 'that day'.