UPTET Paper 1 flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Object Permanence

The understanding that objects continue to exist even when they are out of sight. Piaget placed its development in the sensorimotor stage, roughly by 18–24 months of age.

Zone of Proximal Development

Vygotsky's term for the distance between what a learner can do independently and what they can achieve with adult or peer guidance. It is the target zone for scaffolding.

Conservation (Piaget)

The recognition that quantity, mass, or volume stays the same despite changes in appearance or arrangement. It typically appears in the concrete operational stage, around age seven onward.

Egocentrism

Piaget's label for a young child's difficulty in taking another person's viewpoint. It is characteristic of the preoperational stage and is not the same as selfishness.

Scaffolding

Temporary support given by a more knowledgeable person so a learner can complete a task beyond independent reach. Support is gradually withdrawn as competence grows.

Formative Assessment

Assessment carried out during teaching to identify learning gaps and adjust instruction. It is low-stakes, feedback-oriented, and contrasted with summative assessment at the end of a unit.

Multiple Intelligences

Gardner's proposal that intelligence is not a single general ability but a set of relatively independent capacities, such as linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, musical, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, and intrapersonal.

Intrinsic Motivation

Drive to act that comes from interest, curiosity, or satisfaction in the activity itself, rather than from external rewards or punishments. It sustains learning more durably than extrinsic rewards.

स्वर के भेद

ह्रस्व, दीर्घ और प्लुत - उच्चारण में लगने वाले समय के आधार पर स्वरों का वर्गीकरण। अ, इ, उ, ऋ ह्रस्व हैं और आ, ई, ऊ, ॠ दीर्घ हैं।

गुण संधि

स्वर संधि का वह भेद जिसमें अ/आ के बाद इ/ई आने पर ए, उ/ऊ आने पर ओ, और ऋ आने पर अर् बनता है। उदाहरण: नर + इंद्र = नरेंद्र।

द्विगु समास

वह समास जिसमें पूर्व पद संख्यावाचक होता है और समस्त पद समूह या एकत्र अर्थ देता है। उदाहरण: चौराहा (चार राहों का समूह), त्रिलोक।

अनुप्रास अलंकार

वह अलंकार जिसमें एक ही वर्ण की आवृत्ति कई बार होती है, जिससे ध्वनि-सौंदर्य उत्पन्न होता है। उदाहरण: चारु चंद्र की चंचल किरणें।

उपसर्ग

वह शब्दांश जो किसी शब्द के आरंभ में जुड़कर उसका अर्थ बदल देता है या उसमें विशेषता जोड़ता है। जैसे 'प्र' + हार = प्रहार।

मुहावरा

वह वाक्यांश जिसका अर्थ उसके शब्दों के सामान्य अर्थ से भिन्न, लाक्षणिक होता है। उदाहरण: 'आँख का तारा' का अर्थ अत्यंत प्रिय व्यक्ति।

सस्वर पठन

पाठ को उच्च स्वर में सही उच्चारण, लय और विराम के साथ पढ़ना। यह उच्चारण-शुद्धि और प्रवाह विकसित करता है तथा श्रवण-कौशल से जुड़ा है।

Minimal Pair

Two words that differ in exactly one phoneme and therefore demonstrate that the differing sounds are contrastive in a language, for example 'ship' and 'sheep' in English.

Morpheme

The smallest unit of language that carries meaning or grammatical function. 'Cats' contains two morphemes: 'cat' (free) and '-s' (bound plural marker).

Reported Speech Backshift

The rule that when direct speech becomes indirect, present tenses usually shift to past and past to past perfect, with time and place words adjusting, as in 'now' becoming 'then'.

Third Conditional

A sentence pattern using 'if + past perfect' in the condition and 'would have + past participle' in the result, expressing an unreal past situation, e.g., 'If I had studied, I would have passed.'

Non-defining Relative Clause

A clause that adds extra, non-essential information about a noun, is set off by commas, and cannot be introduced by 'that'. Example: 'My brother, who lives in Pune, is a doctor.'

Active to Passive Rule

To change voice, make the active object the subject, use a form of 'be' plus the past participle, and add the agent after 'by'. Example: 'The boy broke the glass' becomes 'The glass was broken by the boy.'

Phoneme

The smallest contrastive unit of sound in a language; changing it changes meaning, as the initial sounds of 'pat', 'bat', and 'cat' show.

HCF and LCM Relation

For two positive integers, the product of their HCF and LCM equals the product of the numbers. Example: for 12 and 18, HCF 6 times LCM 36 equals 216, which is 12 times 18.

Divisibility Rule for 11

A number is divisible by 11 if the difference between the sum of digits in alternating positions is 0 or a multiple of 11. Example: 2,728 gives (2+2) minus (7+8) = -11.

Area of a Triangle

Area equals one-half of the base multiplied by the perpendicular height, written A = ½ × b × h. The height must be measured perpendicular to the chosen base.

Unitary Method

A technique for solving proportion problems by first finding the value of a single unit and then multiplying to obtain the required quantity. Example: if 5 pens cost 40, one pen costs 8.

Successive Percentage Change

When a quantity changes by a% and then by b%, the net change is a + b + ab/100 for increases, or a + b − ab/100 for successive discounts, not simply a + b.

Place Value

The value a digit holds because of its position in a numeral, calculated as the digit multiplied by its positional power of ten. In 3,482 the digit 4 stands for 400.

Food Chain

A sequence showing transfer of energy from producers to consumers, for example grass to grasshopper to frog to snake. Decomposers break down dead matter and return nutrients to the soil.

Water Cycle

The continuous movement of water through evaporation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation, and collection. Solar energy drives evaporation, and condensation forms clouds.

Renewable Resources

Natural resources that are replenished within a short time by natural processes, such as sunlight, wind, flowing water, and forests. They contrast with non-renewable resources like coal and petroleum.

Balanced Diet

A diet supplying carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, water, and roughage in the proportions the body needs, supporting growth, energy, and resistance to disease.