UPTET Paper 2 key terms

A school arrangement in which children with disabilities and other marginalized groups learn in the same regular classroom as their peers, with teaching adapted to their needs rather than separating them into special schools.

An assessment system that evaluates a learner continuously through the year and covers scholastic and co-scholastic areas, using both formative and summative tools instead of relying on one year-end examination.

Assessment carried out during teaching to find out what learners understand and where they are struggling, so that instruction can be adjusted immediately; feedback is used for learning, not for grading.

A written plan prepared for a child with special needs that states the present level of performance, specific learning goals, the support and accommodations required, and how progress will be reviewed periodically.

A neurologically based difficulty in acquiring basic academic skills such as reading, writing or arithmetic, despite average intelligence and adequate teaching; dyslexia and dyscalculia are common examples.

Vygotsky's idea of the gap between what a learner can do alone and what the learner can do with help from a more capable person; teaching is most effective when aimed within this gap.

Temporary support from a teacher or peer-hints, worked examples, prompts or models-that lets a learner finish a task beyond current ability and is gradually withdrawn as competence grows.

A view of learning holding that learners build knowledge actively by connecting new information to existing ideas and experience, so the teacher designs activities and questions instead of merely transmitting facts.

Piaget's third stage, roughly ages seven to eleven, in which children reason logically about objects they can see and handle but still struggle with abstract or hypothetical ideas.

Planning one lesson at several levels of difficulty and through varied modes-text, picture, group work-so that learners with different readiness and learning styles can all reach the same learning goal.

The ability to notice and manipulate the individual speech sounds in words, such as blending /c/-/a/-/t/ into 'cat'; it is an oral skill and a strong predictor of early reading success.

Teaching the relationship between letters or letter groups and the sounds they represent, so a beginner can decode unfamiliar printed words instead of memorizing each word as a whole shape.

Reading a text quickly to grasp its general idea or structure-for example by looking at headings, first sentences and layout-without attending to every word or detail.

Moving the eyes rapidly over a text to locate one specific item, such as a date, name or figure, while ignoring the surrounding content.

Understanding ideas that a text implies rather than states directly-working out cause, motive or conclusion from clues-as opposed to merely recalling facts written on the page.

An approach in which lessons are organized around using the language for real purposes in meaningful situations, with fluency, interaction and appropriate use valued alongside grammatical accuracy.

A writing pedagogy that treats composition as stages-planning, drafting, revising, editing and publishing-with feedback between stages, instead of a single draft graded only at the end.

Reading accurately, at a reasonable pace and with expression and proper phrasing, which shows that word recognition has become automatic and attention can be freed for meaning.

A language teaching method that explains rules in the learner's mother tongue and practises them by translating sentences, with little attention to speaking, listening or real communication.

A method of teaching a second language only in the target language, using objects, actions and pictures to convey meaning, with grammar picked up through use rather than explained in advance.

The alternation between two languages within a conversation or lesson, often used by bilingual teachers to explain a difficult idea or to keep the class involved.

Studying learners' incorrect forms to see the rule they are actually applying and the stage of their developing language, separating systematic errors from slips caused by carelessness or tiredness.

A method built on habit formation: learners imitate model dialogues and repeat substitution drills, assuming that language is mastered through practice rather than through understanding rules.

Restating the meaning of a spoken or written passage in one's own words and sentence structure, which shows understanding rather than reproducing the original wording.

The variety of language a speaker chooses for a particular audience and situation-formal for a report, informal among friends-covering choices of vocabulary, grammar and tone.

A ratio compares two quantities by division; a proportion states that two ratios are equal, so an unknown value in a comparison can be found by cross-multiplication.

An equation in which the variable appears only to the first power, such as 3x + 5 = 20, solved by applying the same operation to both sides until the variable stands alone.

A systematic way of answering questions by framing a testable hypothesis, controlling variables, collecting and analysing data, and drawing conclusions that may revise the original hypothesis.

The process by which green plants use light energy to combine carbon dioxide and water into glucose, releasing oxygen; it is the entry point of energy into most food chains.

A sequence showing how energy passes from producers such as plants to herbivores and then to carnivores, each organism being eaten by the next in a habitat.

The bouncing back of light from a surface; for a plane mirror the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection and the image is virtual, erect and laterally inverted.

Acids are sour substances that turn blue litmus red; bases are soapy-feeling substances that turn red litmus blue, and acid plus base gives salt and water in a neutralization reaction.

Original material produced at the time of an event-a letter, inscription, photograph, official record or artifact-used by historians as first-hand evidence rather than a later summary.

An account that interprets or summarizes primary evidence, such as a textbook chapter or a later history book; useful, but dependent on the sources its author chose.

Arranging events in the order in which they happened, and using dates, centuries and period labels to show sequence and cause-and-effect links across time.

The ratio or bar printed on a map that shows how map distance relates to real ground distance, so that the actual distance between two places can be calculated.

Imaginary lines fixing position on the globe: parallels of latitude measure distance north or south of the equator, while meridians of longitude measure distance east or west of the prime meridian.

A seasonal reversal of wind direction that brings heavy summer rainfall to the Indian subcontinent, whose timing and amount strongly influence farming, water supply and the economy.

A system in which power is constitutionally divided between a central government and the states, each with its own defined sphere, as in India's Union, State and Concurrent Lists.

The three-tier system of rural local government-village, block and district-created by the 73rd Constitutional Amendment to decentralize decision-making and development planning.