VMC Junior Clerk flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Constitution adoption date

The Constitution of India was adopted by the Constituent Assembly on 26 November 1949 and came into force on 26 January 1950, the date now celebrated as Republic Day.

Chandrayaan-3 landing

India's Chandrayaan-3 mission soft-landed its Vikram lander near the lunar south pole in August 2023, making India the fourth nation to achieve a controlled Moon landing.

Gujarat state formation

Gujarat was created on 1 May 1960 under the Bombay Reorganisation Act, 1960, splitting the former Bombay State into Gujarat and Maharashtra. Gandhinagar later became the capital.

Article 32

Article 32 gives citizens the right to move the Supreme Court directly for enforcement of Fundamental Rights. Dr Ambedkar called it the heart and soul of the Constitution.

Gujarati grammatical gender

Gujarati nouns carry one of three genders: masculine, feminine or neuter. Adjectives and genitive forms agree with the noun in gender, number and case.

Genitive case marker

The Gujarati genitive suffix changes with the noun it describes: -નો for masculine, -ની for feminine and -નું for neuter, as in મારો દીકરો, મારી દીકરી, મારું ઘર.

Sandhi meaning

Sandhi is the phonetic joining of two adjacent sounds at a word boundary. Vowel sandhi joins vowels, while consonant sandhi joins a consonant with a following sound.

Upama alankara

Upama is the Gujarati figure of speech for simile, where one thing is compared to another of a different kind using words such as જેવું, સમ or જેવો.

Subject-verb agreement rule

A singular subject takes a singular verb and a plural subject a plural verb. Words like each, every, either and neither are grammatically singular and take singular verbs.

Present perfect tense

The present perfect uses has or have plus the past participle to describe an action completed at an unspecified time or one whose result matters now.

Active to passive voice

To change active to passive, make the object the new subject, use a form of be with the past participle, and add the original subject after 'by' if needed.

Affect versus effect

Affect is usually a verb meaning to influence, while effect is usually a noun meaning a result. Confusing the two is a common error in objective English tests.

Compound interest formula

Compound interest is calculated as Amount = P(1 + R/100)^T, and interest equals Amount minus principal, where P is principal, R the annual rate and T the time in years.

Profit percentage formula

Profit percentage equals selling price minus cost price, divided by cost price, multiplied by 100. Loss percentage uses the same denominator, cost price.

Speed unit conversion

To convert kilometres per hour to metres per second, multiply by 5/18. To convert metres per second to kilometres per hour, multiply by 18/5.

Time and work formula

If A alone finishes work in x days and B in y days, together they finish it in xy/(x+y) days, because their one-day work rates add as 1/x + 1/y.

LCM and HCF relation

For two positive integers, the product of the numbers equals the product of their LCM and HCF. This lets you find an unknown number from the other three values.

Opposite letter pairs

In the English alphabet, opposite letters sum to 27: A pairs with Z, B with Y, C with X, and so on, with M pairing with N at the centre.

Clock angle formula

The angle between the hour and minute hands is the absolute value of 30H minus 5.5M degrees, where H is the hour and M the minutes.

Odd days in a year

An ordinary year has 365 days, giving one odd day. A leap year has 366 days, giving two odd days. These values are used to find the day of the week.

Syllogism validity rule

In syllogism questions a conclusion is valid only if it must be true in every possible diagram of the premises. 'All A are B' does not prove 'All B are A'.

Absolute versus relative reference

In spreadsheets, a relative reference such as A1 shifts when a formula is copied, while an absolute reference such as $A$1 stays fixed on the same cell.

Excel #DIV/0! error

The #DIV/0! error appears in a spreadsheet when a formula divides a number by zero or by an empty cell that the formula treats as zero.

RAM versus ROM

RAM is volatile working memory that loses its contents when power is switched off, while ROM is non-volatile memory holding permanent instructions used at startup.

Email CC and BCC

CC sends a copy of the message to additional recipients whose addresses are visible to everyone. BCC sends copies while hiding those addresses from other recipients.

73rd Amendment Act

The 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992 gave constitutional status to Panchayati Raj institutions and came into force on 24 April 1993, now National Panchayati Raj Day.

Gram Sabha composition

The Gram Sabha consists of all persons registered in the electoral rolls of a village within a panchayat area. It is the base of the Panchayati Raj structure.

74th Amendment Act

The 74th Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992, in force from 1 June 1993, gave constitutional status to urban local bodies and added the Twelfth Schedule of municipal functions.

Panchayat election authority

Elections to panchayats are conducted by the State Election Commission of the concerned state, not by the Election Commission of India, as laid down in Article 243K.

Municipal Commissioner role

The Municipal Commissioner is the appointed administrative head of a municipal corporation, responsible for day-to-day administration, while the Mayor is the elected political head.

Property tax

Property tax is a tax levied by urban local bodies on real property such as land and buildings. It is a major source of their own revenue.

Twelfth Schedule

The Twelfth Schedule of the Constitution lists eighteen functions entrusted to urban local bodies, including urban planning, water supply, fire services and slum improvement.