WBCHSE HS Education flashcards
WBCHSE HS Education · Build recall with a focused review session.
32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.
- Educational psychology
- Branch of psychology that applies psychological principles, theories and methods to understand learners, teaching and learning situations in schools.
- Growth versus development
- Growth is quantitative, measurable increase in body or skill; development is qualitative, sequential change in capacity and behaviour across the lifespan.
- Individual differences
- Variations among learners in intelligence, aptitude, interest, attitude, achievement and personality, arising from heredity and environment interacting over time.
- Developmental task
- An age-linked achievement that society expects at a given life stage, such as walking in infancy or forming an identity in adolescence, as described by Havighurst.
- Cephalocaudal principle
- Principle that development proceeds from head to foot, so control of the head and upper body appears before control of legs and lower body.
- Proximodistal principle
- Principle that development proceeds from the centre of the body outward, so trunk and shoulder control precedes fine control of fingers and toes.
- Piaget's concrete operational stage
- Stage from about seven to eleven years when children think logically about concrete objects, master conservation and classification, but cannot reason abstractly.
- Erikson's identity crisis
- Adolescent stage of identity versus role confusion in which the young person tries to form a coherent sense of self through exploration and commitment.
- Classical conditioning
- Pavlov's process in which a neutral stimulus repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus comes to elicit a conditioned response on its own.
- Operant conditioning
- Skinner's learning process in which behaviour is strengthened or weakened by the consequences that follow it, such as reinforcement or punishment.
- Insight learning
- Kohler's finding that learning can occur suddenly through perceptual restructuring of a problem situation rather than gradual trial and error.
- Observational learning
- Bandura's process of learning by watching models and imitating their behaviour, requiring attention, retention, reproduction and motivation.
- Positive transfer
- Occurrence in which prior learning helps new learning, as when knowledge of one language makes learning a related language easier.
- Negative transfer
- Occurrence in which prior learning interferes with new learning, as when an old habit hinders acquisition of a new skill or rule.
- Two-factor theory of intelligence
- Spearman's theory that every intellectual task involves a general factor g common to all tasks and a specific factor s unique to that task.
- Multiple intelligences
- Gardner's proposal that intelligence is not a single capacity but several relatively independent abilities such as linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, musical, bodily and interpersonal.
- Deviation IQ
- Intelligence quotient expressed as a standard score comparing a person's performance with age-group norms, with mean 100 and standard deviation usually 15.
- Maslow's hierarchy of needs
- Arrangement of human needs from physiological and safety needs upward through belonging and esteem to self-actualisation, with lower needs generally satisfied first.
- Intrinsic motivation
- Drive to engage in an activity for its own sake, because of interest, curiosity or satisfaction, without reliance on external rewards or pressure.
- Socialisation
- Process through which an individual learns and internalises the norms, values, roles and skills expected by the group and society.
- Agencies of education
- Institutions and groups that educate, including the family, school, peer group, community, religious bodies and mass media, each formal or informal in character.
- Social mobility
- Movement of individuals or groups between social positions or classes, which education can facilitate by providing knowledge, credentials and opportunity.
- Macaulay's Minute
- 1835 document that urged English as the medium of higher education in India and shaped the subsequent spread of English education.
- Wood's Despatch
- 1854 policy statement on Indian education, called the Magna Carta of English education, that recommended graded schools and universities in Calcutta, Bombay and Madras.
- Kothari Commission
- Indian Education Commission of 1964-66 that recommended the 10+2+3 structure, a common school system and work experience in the curriculum.
- Universalisation of elementary education
- Goal of ensuring universal access, enrolment, retention and achievement in elementary schooling, supported by programmes such as Samagra Shiksha.
- Inclusive education
- Approach in which schools adapt curriculum, infrastructure and teaching so that children with disabilities and disadvantaged backgrounds learn alongside peers.
- Programmed instruction
- Skinner-based self-paced learning format using small steps, active responses and immediate feedback, arranged in linear or branching sequences.
- Dale's cone of experience
- Model arranging learning experiences from concrete direct experience at the base to abstract verbal symbols at the top, guiding choice of teaching aids.
- Guidance versus counselling
- Guidance is broad, preventive and informational help for all learners; counselling is individualised, confidential and therapeutic help for personal problems.
- Case study in practical work
- Detailed record of one learner's background, abilities, interests and problems, with interpretation and suggested educational remedies, prepared as a project.
- Zone of proximal development
- Vygotsky's term for the gap between what a learner can do alone and what can be done with guidance, where instruction is most effective.