Educational Technology and Guidance
Two halves, two styles of question: classify a technology or programme correctly, and choose the right guidance service for a described student problem.
Educational technology
Two senses: technology in education (hardware - radio, TV, projector, computer, smart board) and technology of education (the systematic method - programmed learning, systems approach). Dale's Cone of Experience arranges learning from direct purposeful experience through models and pictures to verbal symbols; the more senses engaged, the more concrete and durable the learning.
Programmed instruction and ICT
Skinner's linear programme: small steps, active response, immediate feedback, self-pacing. Crowder's branching programme adapts to wrong answers; Gilbert's mathetics is a third form. ICT in Indian schools includes smart classrooms, DIKSHA, e-Pathshala, SWAYAM MOOCs, and blended or flipped learning.
Guidance and counselling
Guidance is educational (study habits, course choice), vocational (career information, aptitude matching) or personal (adjustment). Counselling styles: directive or trait-factor (Williamson), non-directive or client-centred (Rogers), and eclectic. Tools include cumulative records, anecdotal records, interviews, sociometry and standardised tests.
Worked example
A Class XII student scores well in science but wants commerce because a friend chose it. Reasoning: gather interest and aptitude data, discuss the mismatch without judgement, supply course and career information, involve parents, arrange a follow-up interview. That is educational plus vocational guidance, not instruction.
Traps
Equating educational technology with gadgets; swapping linear and branching programmes; treating guidance and counselling as synonyms; recommending counselling without naming a tool or a follow-up.