Grammar (Qawa'id): Morphology, Syntax, Verb Forms and Sentence Construction
Grammar (Qawa'id): forms that carry marks
The qawa'id section tests morphology (sarf), syntax (nahw), verb forms and sentence construction. Know the three word classes: ism (noun/adjective/pronoun), fi'l (verb), harf (particle/preposition/conjunction). For nouns, control mufrad, muthanna and jam' (including broken plurals), and izafat: کتابِ نو = 'new book'. For verbs, know mazi, muzare', amr and nahi, and the six persons.
Syntax and sentence construction
Identify mubtada and khabar in nominal sentences; fail and maf'ul in verbal sentences. Persian is verb-final: من کتاب را خواندم. The marker را marks a definite direct object; it is not 'to'. Compound verbs (تصمیم گرفتن, به کار بردن) must be learned as units.
Worked example
Conjugate raftan in simple past: رفتم، رفتی، رفت، رفتیم، رفتید، رفتند. In من دیروز به بازار رفتم, من is subject, دیروز adverb, به بازار prepositional phrase, رفتم past verb agreeing with من. Render: 'I went to the market yesterday.' If the subject were او, the verb would be رفت.
Traps
Do not add را to indefinite objects; do not confuse ezafe kasra with the preposition از; do not use plural verb with a singular subject; do not treat Arabic broken plurals as regular; do not split compound verbs.