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WBCHSE HS Vocational Tourism & Hospitality study materials
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WBCHSE HS Vocational Tourism & Hospitality practice questions

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Question 1Introduction to Tourism and Hospitality Industry

In the tourism system, which element refers to the temporary movement of a person away from their usual place of residence for leisure, business, or other purposes?

  1. Migration
  2. Emigration
  3. Tourism Correct answer.
  4. Commuting

Explanation

Tourism is defined as the activities of persons travelling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for less than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes. The defining features are temporary stay and return to the usual environment.

Question 2Introduction to Tourism and Hospitality Industry

A person travels from Kolkata to Puri and stays there for eight nights in a hotel for a holiday. In tourism terminology, this person is best described as:

  1. A local resident
  2. A transit passenger
  3. A same-day visitor
  4. A tourist Correct answer.

Explanation

A tourist is a visitor who stays at least one night in a collective or private accommodation in the place visited. Since the person stays eight nights away from home, the tourist category applies rather than excursionist.

Question 3Introduction to Tourism and Hospitality Industry

Which component of the tourism industry is classified as an accommodation establishment rather than a travel intermediary?

  1. Tour operator
  2. Guest house Correct answer.
  3. Tourist guide
  4. Travel agency

Explanation

Accommodation establishments provide lodging to guests and include hotels, guest houses, motels and similar units. Travel agencies and tour operators are intermediaries that package or sell travel arrangements rather than provide lodging.

Question 4Introduction to Tourism and Hospitality Industry

Which of the following is an example of an intangible tourism product?

  1. A souvenir T-shirt
  2. A guided heritage walk Correct answer.
  3. A handloom scarf
  4. A packaged sweet box

Explanation

Tourism services such as guided walks are intangible because they are experienced rather than owned and cannot be stored or resold. Physical goods like souvenirs and packaged food are tangible products that can be inspected and carried away.

Question 5Introduction to Tourism and Hospitality Industry

Which type of tourism is primarily undertaken to attend a trade fair, conference or corporate meeting?

  1. Rural tourism
  2. Pilgrimage tourism
  3. Adventure tourism
  4. MICE tourism Correct answer.

Explanation

MICE stands for Meetings, Incentives, Conferences and Exhibitions, and covers business events that draw delegates to a destination. Such travel is planned around professional gatherings rather than leisure, faith or adventure.

Question 6Introduction to Tourism and Hospitality Industry

Which organisation is the United Nations specialised agency responsible for promoting responsible, sustainable and universally accessible tourism?

  1. UNESCO
  2. WTTC
  3. UNWTO Correct answer.
  4. IATA

Explanation

The World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) is the United Nations agency mandated to promote responsible, sustainable and accessible tourism worldwide. It compiles international tourism statistics and sets policy guidance for member states.

Question 7Introduction to Tourism and Hospitality Industry

A hotel in Darjeeling closes several rooms during the monsoon because few guests arrive. Which characteristic of the tourism product does this illustrate?

  1. Heterogeneity
  2. Seasonality Correct answer.
  3. Perishability
  4. Intangibility

Explanation

Seasonality refers to the predictable fluctuation of demand across the year, forcing suppliers to adjust capacity and pricing. Closing rooms in a lean season is a response to the seasonal pattern of arrivals rather than to the service being unstoreable.

Question 8Introduction to Tourism and Hospitality Industry

Which of the following best explains why tourism is described as a multi-sectoral industry?

  1. It employs only unskilled workers in hotels
  2. It is controlled by a single government department
  3. It operates only during the winter months
  4. It draws on transport, accommodation, food, handicrafts and many other sectors Correct answer.

Explanation

Tourism has no single production chain; it brings together transport, lodging, food service, attractions, retail and other sectors to create the visitor experience. This interdependence is why it is called a composite or multi-sectoral industry.

Question 9Introduction to Tourism and Hospitality Industry

A tour operator combines air tickets, hotel nights and sightseeing into one price and sells the package to a group. This activity is best called:

  1. Merging
  2. Packaging Correct answer.
  3. Franchising
  4. Outsourcing

Explanation

Packaging is the assembly of separate travel components into a single product sold at an inclusive price. The tour operator earns by buying components in bulk and adding a margin to the combined package.

Question 10Introduction to Tourism and Hospitality Industry

In tourism accounting, the money spent by visitors in the destination is known as:

  1. Tourism leakage
  2. Tourism balance
  3. Tourism expenditure Correct answer.
  4. Tourism multiplier

Explanation

Tourism expenditure is the total consumption outlay made by visitors for goods and services during their trip. It is the base from which economic impact such as the multiplier effect is calculated.

Question 11Introduction to Tourism and Hospitality Industry

Which of the following is a positive socio-cultural impact of tourism on a host community?

  1. Loss of agricultural land to resorts
  2. Overcrowding of local transport
  3. Revival of traditional crafts and performing arts Correct answer.
  4. Rise in the price of local housing

Explanation

Tourism can give economic value to local culture, encouraging communities to preserve crafts, music and festivals that might otherwise decline. The other options describe costs rather than benefits of visitor activity.

Question 12Introduction to Tourism and Hospitality Industry

A destination builds a new airport and widens approach roads to handle more visitors. This investment belongs to which tourism component?

  1. Intermediary
  2. Superstructure
  3. Attraction
  4. Infrastructure Correct answer.

Explanation

Infrastructure covers the basic public facilities such as airports, roads, power and water that serve residents and visitors alike. Superstructure refers to facilities built specifically for tourists, such as hotels and convention centres.

Question 13Introduction to Tourism and Hospitality Industry

According to the standard visitor definition, which traveller is NOT counted as a visitor to the place visited?

  1. A person who enters the country to take up paid employment Correct answer.
  2. A student who stays two nights in a hostel while sightseeing
  3. A relative staying three nights with family for a festival
  4. A delegate attending a two-day conference

Explanation

A visitor is a traveller outside the usual environment for a period under one year whose main purpose is not to earn income at the place visited. Taking up paid employment makes the person a migrant worker for tourism statistics.

Question 14Introduction to Tourism and Hospitality Industry

Which document is issued by a national government to certify a person's nationality and identity for international travel?

  1. Boarding pass
  2. Health certificate
  3. Passport Correct answer.
  4. Visa

Explanation

A passport is an official travel document issued by a national government that identifies the holder and requests safe passage abroad. A visa, by contrast, is a permission granted by the destination country.

Question 15Introduction to Tourism and Hospitality Industry

Why does a hotel manager use differential pricing across peak and off-peak periods?

  1. To match room rates with fluctuating demand and improve occupancy Correct answer.
  2. To comply with a legal requirement for equal prices
  3. To ensure all guests pay exactly the same amount
  4. To reduce the number of staff employed in the hotel

Explanation

Because room-nights cannot be stored, managers adjust rates to the level of demand so that capacity is filled in weak periods and revenue is maximised in strong ones. This practice reflects the perishability of the tourism product.

Question 16Introduction to Tourism and Hospitality Industry

A village cooperative offers homestays, farm meals and guided walks to visitors who want to experience rural life. This is an example of:

  1. Medical tourism
  2. Rural tourism Correct answer.
  3. Business tourism
  4. Mass tourism

Explanation

Rural tourism is based on countryside settings, local produce, farming and community hospitality, often organised by village groups. It aims to spread visitor spending to rural households rather than concentrate it in urban resorts.

Question 17Introduction to Tourism and Hospitality Industry

A hotel purchases imported furniture, hires foreign chefs and pays interest on a foreign loan. In tourism economics, these outflows are best described as:

  1. Tourism expenditure
  2. Tourism receipts
  3. Tourism multiplier
  4. Tourism leakage Correct answer.

Explanation

Leakage is the portion of tourism revenue that leaves the destination economy through imports, foreign salaries or overseas debt servicing. High leakage reduces the net benefit that visitor spending brings to the local area.

Question 18Introduction to Tourism and Hospitality Industry

Which argument best explains why the tourism multiplier in a remote hill destination may be lower than in a well-developed city?

  1. Remote areas must import more goods and services, so spending leaks out quickly Correct answer.
  2. Remote areas receive more tourists than cities
  3. Hill destinations never attract domestic tourists
  4. Cities have no accommodation sector

Explanation

The multiplier depends on how many times visitor spending re-circulates locally, which requires local suppliers. Where most supplies are brought in from outside, the money leaves quickly and the multiplier is small.

Question 19Introduction to Tourism and Hospitality Industry

A state government wants to protect a fragile wetland while still allowing visitors. Which strategy best reflects the principle of sustainable tourism?

  1. Ban all local communities from the wetland area
  2. Build high-rise hotels inside the wetland core
  3. Allow unlimited visitor numbers to maximise revenue
  4. Set a carrying capacity and use zoning and permits to control access Correct answer.

Explanation

Sustainable tourism balances visitor use with conservation by respecting the site's carrying capacity and directing activity away from sensitive zones. Zoning and permits keep impacts within limits while allowing controlled visitor access.

Question 20Introduction to Tourism and Hospitality Industry

A travel agency sells a client a package assembled by another company without disclosing the organiser's identity. Which principle of the travel trade is being violated?

  1. Transparency in the sale of travel products Correct answer.
  2. Seasonality of tourism demand
  3. Multiplier effect of visitor spending
  4. Perishability of room-nights

Explanation

Travel intermediaries are expected to disclose who organises and is responsible for the package so the consumer knows their rights. Concealing the organiser's identity misleads the buyer and breaks transparency in the sale.

Question 21Tourism Products, Destinations and Attractions of India

Which monument in Agra was built by the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan as a mausoleum for his wife Mumtaz Mahal and is inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site?

  1. Taj Mahal Correct answer.
  2. Humayun's Tomb
  3. Red Fort
  4. Qutub Minar

Explanation

The Taj Mahal was commissioned by Shah Jahan in memory of Mumtaz Mahal and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Agra. The other three are also Mughal-era monuments but located in Delhi and serve different purposes.

Question 22Tourism Products, Destinations and Attractions of India

Which Indian state is home to the Kaziranga National Park, famous as the stronghold of the one-horned rhinoceros?

  1. Assam Correct answer.
  2. Odisha
  3. Kerala
  4. West Bengal

Explanation

Kaziranga National Park lies in Assam along the Brahmaputra floodplain and holds the largest population of the Indian one-horned rhinoceros. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and a flagship wildlife tourism product of North-East India.

Question 23Tourism Products, Destinations and Attractions of India

The Khajuraho temples, celebrated for their intricate stone sculpture, were built chiefly by rulers of which dynasty?

  1. Chalukya
  2. Chandela Correct answer.
  3. Pallava
  4. Chola

Explanation

The Khajuraho group of temples in Madhya Pradesh was built mainly between the 10th and 12th centuries by the Chandela dynasty. The site is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and a major cultural tourism attraction in central India.

Question 24Tourism Products, Destinations and Attractions of India

Which city is the gateway for visitors travelling to the Ajanta and Ellora caves?

  1. Bhopal
  2. Pune
  3. Aurangabad Correct answer.
  4. Nagpur

Explanation

Aurangabad (now officially Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar) in Maharashtra serves as the base city for excursions to both the Ajanta and Ellora cave complexes. Both are UNESCO World Heritage Sites featuring ancient rock-cut Buddhist, Hindu and Jain art.

Question 25Tourism Products, Destinations and Attractions of India

The backwater houseboat experience promoted as a signature tourism product of Kerala is most closely associated with which town?

  1. Alleppey Correct answer.
  2. Ooty
  3. Kodaikanal
  4. Coorg

Explanation

Alleppey, also called Alappuzha, is the hub of Kerala's backwater houseboat tourism on Vembanad Lake and its canals. The other options are hill stations in Karnataka and Tamil Nadu and are not backwater destinations.

Question 26Tourism Products, Destinations and Attractions of India

Which festival, held every twelve years, is a major cultural tourism draw at Nashik, Ujjain, Haridwar and Prayagraj?

  1. Kumbh Mela Correct answer.
  2. Pushkar Fair
  3. Onam
  4. Hornbill Festival

Explanation

The Kumbh Mela is a mass Hindu pilgrimage rotating among Prayagraj, Haridwar, Ujjain and Nashik, and its scale makes it a globally noted cultural tourism event. The other festivals are regional celebrations with different locations and themes.

Question 27Tourism Products, Destinations and Attractions of India

Which beach destination in Goa is best known for its night market and beach shacks and lies in North Goa?

  1. Varkala
  2. Marina Beach
  3. Kovalam
  4. Anjuna Correct answer.

Explanation

Anjuna is a North Goa beach famous for its flea market and lively beach-shack culture, making it a well-known tourism product. Kovalam, Varkala and Marina are all beaches outside Goa.

Question 28Tourism Products, Destinations and Attractions of India

A tour operator wants to design a Buddhist circuit itinerary for international pilgrims. Which set of sites should be included as the core of the circuit?

  1. Bodh Gaya, Sarnath, Kushinagar and Lumbini Correct answer.
  2. Ajmer, Pushkar, Nathdwara and Mount Abu
  3. Konark, Puri, Bhubaneswar and Chilika
  4. Hampi, Badami, Pattadakal and Aihole

Explanation

The Buddhist circuit links the places associated with the Buddha's life, including Bodh Gaya, Sarnath, Kushinagar and Lumbini. These sites in Bihar, Uttar Pradesh and Nepal are the standard components of a pilgrimage itinerary for Buddhist travellers.

Question 29Tourism Products, Destinations and Attractions of India

A foreign tourist with limited time wants to see Mughal architecture and also experience a desert city with a fort and havelis. Which pair of Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh destinations best fits this brief?

  1. Mysuru and Kochi
  2. Agra and Jaisalmer Correct answer.
  3. Puri and Gangtok
  4. Amritsar and Shimla

Explanation

Agra provides Mughal monuments such as the Taj Mahal and Agra Fort, while Jaisalmer offers a desert fort and sandstone havelis. Together they match the brief of Mughal architecture plus a desert heritage city.

Question 30Tourism Products, Destinations and Attractions of India

Which of the following is a biosphere reserve and hill destination in Tamil Nadu promoted for nature-based tourism?

  1. Kanha
  2. Ranthambore
  3. Nilgiri Correct answer.
  4. Gir

Explanation

The Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve spans the Nilgiri hills and is promoted for nature and hill tourism in Tamil Nadu and adjoining states. The other options are tiger reserves in Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat.

Question 31Tourism Products, Destinations and Attractions of India

A tourist interested in colonial-era architecture and the toy train heritage of the Himalayas should visit which hill station?

  1. Puri
  2. Hampi
  3. Rann of Kutch
  4. Shimla Correct answer.

Explanation

Shimla retains colonial buildings such as the Viceregal Lodge and is connected by the UNESCO-listed Kalka-Shimla toy train. This combination makes it a heritage hill-station product in Himachal Pradesh.

Question 32Tourism Products, Destinations and Attractions of India

The Rann of Kutch, promoted through the Rann Utsav, is located in which state?

  1. Rajasthan
  2. Maharashtra
  3. Madhya Pradesh
  4. Gujarat Correct answer.

Explanation

The Great Rann of Kutch is a vast salt marsh in Gujarat where the Rann Utsav is held, showcasing crafts, folk music and the white desert. It is a flagship cultural and experiential tourism product of the state.

Question 33Tourism Products, Destinations and Attractions of India

Which dance form, recognised as a classical dance of India, originated in Kerala and is performed with elaborate makeup and costume?

  1. Kathakali Correct answer.
  2. Manipuri
  3. Odissi
  4. Bharatanatyam

Explanation

Kathakali is a classical dance-drama tradition of Kerala known for its large headgear, painted faces and stylised gestures. It is frequently packaged as a cultural performance for tourists in Kerala.

Question 34Tourism Products, Destinations and Attractions of India

Which site in Karnataka is a UNESCO World Heritage Site known for the ruins of a former Vijayanagara capital with temples and boulder landscapes?

  1. Mahabalipuram
  2. Sanchi
  3. Hampi Correct answer.
  4. Fatehpur Sikri

Explanation

Hampi in Karnataka preserves the ruins of the Vijayanagara capital, including temples, markets and royal enclosures. Its distinctive boulder terrain and architecture make it a major heritage tourism destination.

Question 35Tourism Products, Destinations and Attractions of India

A tourism planner wants to combine a wildlife safari with a beach experience in the same state. Which pairing is most appropriate?

  1. Ranthambore and Jaisalmer in Rajasthan
  2. Kaziranga and Shillong in Meghalaya
  3. Sundarbans and Digha in West Bengal Correct answer.
  4. Bandipur and Hampi in Karnataka

Explanation

The Sundarbans offer mangrove wildlife safaris and Digha is a nearby West Bengal beach, so both experiences fall within one state. The other pairs either lack a beach or cross state boundaries.

Question 36Tourism Products, Destinations and Attractions of India

Which of these is the correct description of a 'fair' as a tourism product in India?

  1. A permanent theme park with rides and shows
  2. A government-run museum of antiquities
  3. A ticketed wildlife safari in a national park
  4. A periodic gathering for trade, cattle or crafts that attracts visitors, such as the Pushkar Fair Correct answer.

Explanation

Fairs in India are recurring community events linked to trade, livestock or crafts and often draw tourists, with the Pushkar Fair being a classic example. Theme parks, museums and safaris are different categories of attraction.

Question 37Tourism Products, Destinations and Attractions of India

Which of the following best explains why the Sundarbans is promoted as a niche tourism product rather than a mass beach destination?

  1. It has luxury casino resorts along a long sandy coast
  2. It is a tidal mangrove ecosystem visited mainly for boat safaris and biodiversity Correct answer.
  3. It is a desert festival site with camel races
  4. It is a high-altitude ski resort in the Himalayas

Explanation

The Sundarbans is a mangrove delta where tourism centres on boat excursions, wildlife viewing and ecology rather than conventional beach recreation. Its fragile ecosystem and tidal conditions shape the visitor experience.

Question 38Tourism Products, Destinations and Attractions of India

Which pair correctly matches a monument with its city?

  1. Meenakshi Temple - Bengaluru
  2. Charminar - Hyderabad Correct answer.
  3. Gateway of India - Kolkata
  4. India Gate - Mumbai

Explanation

The Charminar is the iconic monument of Hyderabad, built in the 16th century. The other pairings place well-known monuments in the wrong cities.

Question 39Tourism Products, Destinations and Attractions of India

A tour guide is explaining the difference between a national park and a wildlife sanctuary to visitors. Which statement is the most accurate?

  1. A national park is declared under a stricter legal regime with tighter restrictions on human activity than a sanctuary Correct answer.
  2. Both terms are legally identical in India
  3. A sanctuary always has a higher protection status than a national park
  4. A national park is a man-made zoo open to the public

Explanation

In India, national parks are notified under a stricter protection regime that generally excludes human habitation and grazing, while sanctuaries allow more regulated activity. This distinction affects how tourism is planned and permitted at each site.

Question 40Tourism Products, Destinations and Attractions of India

Which statement best explains why the Konark Sun Temple is significant as a tourism product in Odisha?

  1. It is a 13th-century stone temple conceived as a colossal chariot and inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site Correct answer.
  2. It is a living beach resort developed during the colonial period
  3. It is a Buddhist stupa containing relics of the Buddha
  4. It is a Mughal fort built to guard a river crossing

Explanation

The Konark Sun Temple was built in the 13th century and designed as a monumental chariot with carved wheels and horses, and it holds UNESCO World Heritage status. Its architecture and association with the Sun cult underpin its tourism value.

Question 41Tourism Products, Destinations and Attractions of India

A destination manager wants to develop a 'rural tourism' product in India. Which approach is most consistent with the concept?

  1. Constructing a high-rise business district
  2. Promoting village homestays, local crafts and farm experiences with community participation Correct answer.
  3. Developing an international airport terminal
  4. Building a large urban shopping mall with multiplex cinemas

Explanation

Rural tourism centres on village life, homestays, local crafts, agriculture and community involvement so that benefits reach host communities. Urban malls, airports and business districts are not rural tourism products.

Question 42Tourism Products, Destinations and Attractions of India

Which reasoning best justifies including the Great Himalayan National Park in a nature-based itinerary rather than a cultural circuit?

  1. It contains a famous Mughal tomb and a sound-and-light show
  2. It is a high-altitude protected area valued for biodiversity and trekking rather than monuments Correct answer.
  3. It is a coastal wetland known for migratory birds
  4. It is a desert fort with folk music performances

Explanation

The Great Himalayan National Park in Himachal Pradesh is a UNESCO-listed protected area recognised for Himalayan biodiversity and trekking routes. Its appeal lies in nature and adventure rather than built heritage or cultural performances.

Question 43Tourism Products, Destinations and Attractions of India

A tourism board claims that a single state offers both a UNESCO-listed mountain railway and a UNESCO-listed national park. Which state best supports this claim?

  1. Punjab
  2. Kerala
  3. West Bengal Correct answer.
  4. Gujarat

Explanation

West Bengal contains the Darjeeling Himalayan Railway, a UNESCO World Heritage mountain railway, and the Sundarbans National Park, a UNESCO World Heritage site. This combination supports the claim.

Question 44Tourism Products, Destinations and Attractions of India

Which of the following correctly identifies a 'product' in tourism terms rather than a single attraction?

  1. The ticket counter at a boat jetty
  2. The Vembanad Lake alone
  3. A single houseboat moored at a jetty
  4. A packaged Kerala backwater cruise including transport, meals and a guide Correct answer.

Explanation

A tourism product bundles attractions with transport, hospitality, guiding and other services into an experience that can be sold as a package. A lake, a moored boat or a ticket counter is only a component or facility, not a complete product.

Question 45Travel Agency and Tour Operations

A family books a return air ticket through a travel agency and pays the full fare in advance. Which document does the agency normally issue as proof of the booking and as the passenger's ticket record?

  1. A hotel voucher
  2. An electronic ticket itinerary receipt Correct answer.
  3. A baggage tag
  4. A boarding pass

Explanation

When a ticket is issued, the agency hands over the ticket itself or, for e-tickets, a printed itinerary receipt that carries the ticket number and booking reference. This receipt is the passenger's record of the contract of carriage. A boarding pass is issued only at check-in, and vouchers or tags serve other purposes.

Question 46Travel Agency and Tour Operations

In tour operation terminology, what does a 'package tour' most precisely mean?

  1. A sightseeing trip taken only by foreign tourists
  2. A combination of two or more travel services sold at a single inclusive price Correct answer.
  3. A hotel booking made directly by the guest
  4. A ticket that allows unlimited travel for one month

Explanation

A package tour bundles transport, accommodation and often other services such as transfers or sightseeing into one product sold at a combined price. The operator assembles the components and takes responsibility for delivering them. Single-service bookings and unlimited-travel passes are not packages.

Question 47Travel Agency and Tour Operations

Which term describes a fixed amount of commission that a travel agency keeps out of money collected on behalf of a principal such as an airline?

  1. Standard agency commission Correct answer.
  2. Refund penalty
  3. Mark-up
  4. Service charge

Explanation

Agency commission is the percentage or fixed amount retained by the agent from the sale value as remuneration for selling the principal's product. It is agreed in advance with the airline or other supplier. Service charges and mark-ups are added to the customer's price, while refund penalties are deducted from returned money.

Question 48Travel Agency and Tour Operations

A traveller needs a passport for the first time. Which authority in India normally issues an ordinary passport to a citizen?

  1. The Ministry of Home Affairs through the district police station
  2. The Ministry of Tourism through the state tourism board
  3. The Ministry of Civil Aviation through the airport authority
  4. The Ministry of External Affairs through the Regional Passport Office Correct answer.

Explanation

Ordinary Indian passports are issued by the Ministry of External Affairs through Regional Passport Offices and Passport Seva Kendras after police verification. Police and home authorities assist with verification but do not issue the passport. Tourism boards and airport authorities have no passport function.

Question 49Travel Agency and Tour Operations

What is the main purpose of a tour operator preparing a 'tour brochure' with detailed itineraries and prices?

  1. To replace the visa application form for tourists
  2. To inform and persuade prospective clients about the tour product Correct answer.
  3. To act as the receipt for money paid by the client
  4. To serve as the legal contract of carriage with an airline

Explanation

A brochure is a marketing and information tool that describes the itinerary, inclusions, exclusions, dates and prices so that clients can evaluate and buy the tour. It is not a contract of carriage, a visa form or a payment receipt. Those functions belong to other documents.

Question 50Travel Agency and Tour Operations

Which of the following is a principal (supplier) rather than an intermediary in the travel distribution chain?

  1. A corporate travel desk
  2. A retail travel agency
  3. A tour wholesaler
  4. A scheduled airline Correct answer.

Explanation

Principals are the producers of travel services, such as airlines, hotels and car rental firms, who appoint agents to sell on their behalf. Retail agencies, wholesalers and corporate travel desks act as intermediaries between principals and travellers. Recognising this distinction clarifies who pays commission to whom.