WB TET Upper Primary cheat sheet

Piaget's stages: sensorimotor (0-2, object permanence), preoperational (2-7, egocentrism, irreversibility), concrete operational (7-11, conservation, seriation, reversibility), formal operational (11+, abstract and hypothetical reasoning).

Vygotsky: Zone of Proximal Development is the gap between independent performance and performance with adult or peer scaffolding; private speech becomes inner speech.

Kohlberg's moral levels: preconventional (punishment/obedience, instrumental exchange), conventional (good boy/girl, law and order), postconventional (social contract, universal ethical principles).

Erikson's school-age crisis is industry versus inferiority (roughly 6-12 years); adolescence is identity versus role confusion.

Classical conditioning (Pavlov): neutral stimulus paired with unconditioned stimulus acquires conditioned power; operant conditioning (Skinner) uses reinforcement and punishment to shape behaviour.

Inclusive education principle: children with disabilities learn best in the least restrictive environment with adapted materials, not segregated instruction.

Assessment terms: formative assessment occurs during learning to guide teaching; summative assessment occurs at the end to judge achievement; diagnostic assessment locates specific learning gaps.

Intelligence: Gardner's multiple intelligences (linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, musical, bodily-kinaesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalistic); Spearman's g factor; IQ = (mental age / chronological age) x 100.

Learning disability markers: dyslexia (reading/decoding), dysgraphia (writing), dyscalculia (number operations), dyspraxia (motor coordination); these are not caused by low intelligence.

Bengali vowels (স্বরবর্ণ) number 11 and consonants (ব্যঞ্জনবর্ণ) number 39 in the standard Bengali alphabet; the vowel signs (কার) are distinct from the independent vowel letters.

Sibilants: তিন প্রকার শ/ষ/স - দন্ত্য স (dental স), তালব্য শ (palatal শ), মূর্ধন্য ষ (retroflex ষ); ৎ is খণ্ড ত and ং/ঃ/ঁ are anusvara, visarga and candrabindu.

Sandhi (সন্ধি) types: স্বরসন্ধি (vowel + vowel), ব্যঞ্জনসন্ধি (vowel/consonant + consonant), বিসর্গসন্ধি (involving বিসর্গ).

সমাস (compound) types include দ্বন্দ্ব, কর্মধারয়, তৎপুরুষ, বহুব্রীহি, দ্বিগু, অব্যয়ীভাব; the classification depends on which constituent dominates and which is elided.

কারক ও বিভক্তি: কর্তা, কর্ম, করণ, সম্প্রদান, অপাদান, অধিকরণ - each maps to specific বিভক্তি endings in sentence construction.

Bengali word classes: বিশেষ্য (noun), বিশেষণ (adjective), সর্বনাম (pronoun), ক্রিয়া (verb), অব্যয় (indeclinable); ক্রিয়ার কাল includes বর্তমান, অতীত, ভবিষ্যৎ and ভাব includes সাধারণ, ঘটমান, পুরাঘটিত.

Prosody (ছন্দ): অক্ষরবৃত্ত, মাত্রাবৃত্ত and স্বরবৃত্ত are the three main Bengali metrical systems; মাত্রা counting distinguishes them.

Literary eras: আদিকাল (চর্যাপদ), মধ্যযুগ (শ্রীকৃষ্ণকীর্তন, মঙ্গলকাব্য), আধুনিক যুগ (মাইকেল মধুসূদন দত্ত, রবীন্দ্রনাথ ঠাকুর, কাজী নজরুল ইসলাম); চর্যাপদ is the earliest extant Bengali text.

Tense agreement rule: present perfect (has/have + past participle) links past action to present; past perfect (had + past participle) marks the earlier of two past actions.

Reported speech backshift: present simple becomes past simple, present continuous becomes past continuous, will becomes would, can becomes could; pronouns and time words shift accordingly.

Active to passive: object becomes subject, verb becomes be + past participle, agent introduced by 'by'; only transitive verbs passivise.

Conditionals: zero (if + present, present), first (if + present, will), second (if + past, would), third (if + past perfect, would have + past participle).

Articles: 'a/an' for indefinite singular count nouns (an before vowel sound), 'the' for specific or previously mentioned referents and unique entities; zero article for generic plurals and abstract nouns.

Phonetics: English has 44 phonemes (24 consonants, 12 pure vowels, 8 diphthongs); voiced/voiceless pairs include /p/-/b/, /t/-/d/, /k/-/g/, /f/-/v/, /s/-/z/.

Figures of speech: simile uses like/as, metaphor states identity, personification gives human traits to non-human things, alliteration repeats initial consonant sounds, onomatopoeia imitates sound.

Clause types: independent clause stands alone; subordinate clause (noun, adjective/relative, adverb) cannot; a compound sentence joins independent clauses with a coordinating conjunction.

Area formulas: triangle = 1/2 x base x height; parallelogram = base x height; trapezium = 1/2 x (sum of parallel sides) x height; circle = πr², circumference = 2πr.

Pythagoras theorem: in a right triangle, hypotenuse² = base² + perpendicular²; common triples are 3-4-5, 5-12-13, 8-15-17.

Percentage and profit: profit% = (profit/cost price) x 100; simple interest = P x R x T / 100; compound amount = P(1 + R/100)^T.

LCM and HCF relation: LCM(a,b) x HCF(a,b) = a x b for two positive integers; HCF divides LCM exactly.

Average = sum of observations / number of observations; speed = distance / time, with unit conversion 1 km/h = 5/18 m/s.

Photosynthesis: 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + light energy → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂, occurring in chloroplasts with chlorophyll; oxygen is released from water.

Newton's laws: first (inertia), second (F = ma), third (equal and opposite reaction); SI unit of force is the newton.

Cell organelles: mitochondria are the site of aerobic respiration (ATP), ribosomes synthesise protein, chloroplasts carry out photosynthesis, nucleus contains DNA.

Acids turn blue litmus red, bases turn red litmus blue; pH below 7 is acidic, above 7 basic, 7 neutral; neutralisation gives salt and water.

Indian Constitution: adopted 26 November 1949, came into force 26 January 1950; Fundamental Rights are in Part III (Articles 12-35), Directive Principles in Part IV.

Fundamental Duties were added by the 42nd Amendment (1976) on the recommendation of the Swaran Singh Committee; there are 11 duties.

Indian geography: the Tropic of Cancer passes through eight states including Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Tripura and Mizoram.

Monsoon mechanism: the southwest monsoon arrives at Kerala around 1 June; the Western Ghats cause orographic rainfall on the windward side and a rain shadow on the leeward side.

Harappan sites: Harappa and Mohenjo-daro on the Indus, Lothal (dockyard) in Gujarat, Kalibangan in Rajasthan, Dholavira in Kutch; the civilisation is dated roughly 2600-1900 BCE for its mature phase.

Freedom movement milestones: Partition of Bengal 1905, Non-Cooperation 1920, Dandi March 1930, Quit India 1942, Independence and Partition 1947.

Panchayati Raj: the 73rd Constitutional Amendment (1992) gave constitutional status to panchayats with three tiers - gram panchayat, panchayat samiti, zilla parishad.

Latitudes and longitudes: 1° of latitude is about 111 km; IST is based on 82°30'E longitude, 5 hours 30 minutes ahead of GMT.