Air Law
Air Law tests how ICAO obligations become national rules and how a PPL holder applies them in Israeli airspace. Expect questions on licensing, documents, right-of-way, airspace and VFR minima.
Framework
The Chicago Convention and ICAO Annexes set the international baseline; the binding text for a pilot is the national Air Navigation Regulations and the AIP. A PPL(A) permits non-commercial PIC flight, carrying passengers, but not remuneration or hire. The licence is valid with a current Class 2 medical and recent experience; passenger carrying normally requires three takeoffs and landings in the preceding 90 days on type, with night currency separate. Carry licence, medical and photo ID; the aircraft carries C of A, C of R, insurance, radio licence, journey log and weight schedule.
Rules of the air
Converging aircraft: the one with the other on its right gives way. Head-on: both turn right. Overtaking: the overtaking aircraft keeps clear. On the ground, give way to aircraft on the right and to landing aircraft. Enter controlled airspace only with clearance. VFR minima depend on airspace class and altitude; outside controlled airspace in Israel, standard minima apply, and cloud clearance increases with altitude. Altimeter: QNH below transition altitude, standard 1013.2 above.
Worked example
Two powered aircraft converge at the same level; you see the other aircraft out of your right window. The other aircraft is on your right, so you must give way: turn right, pass behind and below it, and do not rely on the other pilot seeing you.
Traps
'Right of way' never authorises flight into IMC or controlled airspace without clearance. Medical validity is separate from licence validity. A clearance is not a traffic separation service for VFR. Do not confuse ICAO Annexes with the directly enforceable national regulation.