Iran CAO CPL Theory flashcards

33 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Chicago Convention Article 5

Permits non-scheduled flights by aircraft of other contracting states to fly over or land in a state's territory without prior permission, subject to the state's right to require notification and to impose operating regulations.

ICAO Annex 6 Part I

Contains the international standards for operation of aeroplanes by organisations engaged in commercial air transport, covering operations manuals, crew competence, fuel policy, equipment and flight and duty time limits.

VFR visibility at high level

At and above 10 000 ft in controlled airspace, ICAO VFR requires 8 km flight visibility and distance from cloud of 1500 m horizontally and 300 m (1000 ft) vertically.

Four-stroke cycle order

In a normally aspirated piston engine each cylinder fires once every two crankshaft revolutions: induction, compression, power (combustion) and exhaust, one piston stroke per phase.

Magneto drop limits

During the run-up magneto check the maximum permissible drop is normally 150 rpm and the difference between left and right magnetos must not exceed 50 rpm; larger values indicate timing or spark plug faults.

Constant-speed propeller governor

A flyweight governor senses engine rpm and meters oil to the propeller hub; on a single-acting system increased oil pressure drives the blades to a coarser pitch, reducing rpm back to the selected value.

Altimeter subscale settings

QNH set gives altitude above mean sea level; QFE gives height above the aerodrome reference datum; 1013.25 hPa gives pressure altitude and flight levels, used at and above the transition altitude.

Standard-rate turn

A standard-rate turn is 3 degrees per second, completing 360 degrees in two minutes. The turn coordinator shows rate of turn and its inclinometer indicates slip or skid.

Magnetic compass turning error

In the northern hemisphere the compass under-reads and turns the wrong way when passing through north, and over-reads through south; acceleration error is opposite in the two hemispheres.

Centre of gravity formula

CG position equals total moment divided by total mass, where each item's moment is its mass multiplied by its arm from the datum; the result must lie within the certified forward and aft limits.

Maximum zero fuel mass

The maximum mass of the aeroplane and its contents without usable fuel. It limits the empty mass plus payload combination and equals take-off mass minus the take-off fuel mass for that flight.

Aft CG effects

A rearward centre of gravity reduces longitudinal static stability, lowers the stall speed and stick-force gradient and slightly increases cruise speed, but makes stall and spin recovery more difficult.

Density altitude

Pressure altitude corrected for the deviation of temperature from ISA. High density altitude increases take-off and landing distances and reduces engine power, propeller thrust and climb rate.

Manoeuvring speed VA

The maximum speed at which full or abrupt control deflection will not exceed the design limit load factor. VA decreases with mass, roughly in proportion to the square root of the weight ratio.

Dynamic hydroplaning speed

Hydroplaning on a wet runway begins at approximately 9 times the square root of the tyre inflation pressure in psi; for 36 psi this is about 54 knots ground speed.

Final reserve fuel

Fuel to hold for 30 minutes at 1500 ft above the alternate for turbine aeroplanes, or 45 minutes for piston aeroplanes. It must remain after diversion and is not used for planning.

Point of no return

The point along the route from which it takes equally long to continue to destination or turn back to base, calculated using wind, fuel flow and reserves in both directions.

Wind triangle heading

True heading equals true course plus the wind correction angle, applied into the wind. Magnetic heading then adds westerly variation or subtracts easterly variation, and compass heading includes deviation.

Time of useful consciousness

After sudden decompression at FL350 useful consciousness lasts about 30 to 60 seconds, falling to 9 to 15 seconds at FL400; immediate oxygen use and an emergency descent are required.

Somatogravic illusion

Rapid acceleration makes the otoliths signal a nose-up attitude and the pilot tends to push forward; deceleration feels nose-down and prompts a backward pull. Critical at night take-off and go-around.

Dark adaptation

Full adaptation of the rods to low light takes about 30 minutes and is reset by white light. Smoking and hypoxia significantly degrade rod sensitivity, night vision and peripheral detection.

ISA values

International Standard Atmosphere: sea-level temperature 15 degrees Celsius, pressure 1013.25 hPa, density 1.225 kg per cubic metre, lapse rate about 2 degrees per 1000 ft up to 36 090 ft, then isothermal at minus 56.5 degrees.

Airframe icing range

Structural icing is most likely between 0 and minus 20 degrees Celsius in visible moisture; freezing rain gives severe clear ice, rime forms in stratiform cloud, and carburettor icing can occur from minus 10 to plus 20 degrees.

Radiation fog formation

Forms on clear, calm nights with high relative humidity and a small temperature-dew point spread, as the ground cools the air to saturation. It usually dissipates after sunrise as the surface warms.

Variation east magnetic least

To convert true to magnetic, subtract easterly variation and add westerly variation. The sequence True, Variation, Magnetic, Deviation, Compass adds west and subtracts east at each step.

One in sixty rule

A one-degree angular error produces about one unit of lateral drift for every 60 units travelled, so 1 degree off track over 60 NM gives a 1 NM error.

VOR radial tracking

The selected radial is the magnetic bearing from the station; to fly inbound select the reciprocal radial and check the TO flag. DME gives slant range, which overstates ground distance when close to the station.

Emergency descent procedure

After decompression: don oxygen, squawk 7700, turn off track or as cleared, reduce thrust, extend speedbrakes and descend at VMO/MMO to a level where breathing is possible, typically FL100.

Wake turbulence separation

Wingtip vortices sink and drift with the wind; a light aircraft following a heavy should stay at or above the leader's flight path and land beyond its touchdown point, using ATC time separation.

Lift formula

Lift equals the lift coefficient multiplied by half the air density times the square of true airspeed times wing area; it varies with the square of speed and linearly with density and area.

Turn load factor

In a level coordinated turn load factor equals one divided by the cosine of the bank angle: 1.15 at 30 degrees, 1.41 at 45 degrees and 2.0 at 60 degrees. Stall speed rises with the square root of load factor.

Distress and urgency calls

MAYDAY spoken three times announces grave and imminent danger and requests immediate assistance; PAN PAN three times signals urgency without immediate danger. Both are followed by callsign and nature of the problem.

Transponder emergency codes

Squawk 7700 for a general emergency, 7600 for radio failure and 7500 for unlawful interference. Code 2000 is the default when no discrete code has been assigned in many regions.