Civil Procedure (Ayin-e Dadresi-e Madani)
Core concepts
Civil procedure governs jurisdiction, the flow of a claim, and the effect of judgments. Know the hierarchy of courts, the rules of local and subject-matter jurisdiction (salāhiyyat-e zāti va mahalli), and the doctrine that jurisdictional rules are matters of public order that the court raises on its own motion. Understand the requirements of a statement of claim (dāvā), the difference between irā'e-e dalīl and ikhbār, the rules on default (ghiyāb), and the appeal (tajdīd-e nazar) and cassation (farjāmkhāhi) routes.
Traps
Questions often hinge on time limits and on who may raise a defect. Objections to local jurisdiction must generally be raised before substantive defense, while subject-matter jurisdiction can be examined at any stage. Distinguish 'adam-e samā' (inadmissibility) from 'radd-e dāvā' (dismissal on the merits). Res judicata (amr-e mosallam) requires unity of parties, subject, and cause; a change in any one defeats the plea. Also watch the rule that a judgment becomes final only when appeal routes are exhausted or waived.
Rule of thumb
Map every fact pattern onto four questions: who sues whom, in which court, on what cause, and within what time. Worked example: a plaintiff files in a court lacking local jurisdiction; the defendant answers on the merits without objecting. Because the objection to local jurisdiction is waivable and must be raised first, the court may proceed, but subject-matter jurisdiction could still be examined ex officio at any time.