Iran Judiciary Bar Exam study guide
Iran Judiciary Bar Exam · Work through your exam, one topic at a time.
The Iranian Bar Exam (locally known as the Kanoon Vokala examination) is the licensing gateway for candidates who wish to practise as attorneys (vakil) in Iran. It is administered under the authority of the Iranian judiciary and the bar association structure, and passing it is a prerequisite for professional admission. The Iran Judiciary Bar Exam study guide has 10 sections and about 2,370 words.
01Civil Law (Hoghough-e Madani)
Civil law questions test the architecture of the Civil Code: property (amlāk) and the distinction between 'ayn, manfa'at and dayn; the division of property into movable and immovable; causes of ownership (hayāzāt, 'aqd, irth, ihya'-e mawāt); and the general theory of contract in Articles 183–300. You must know the conditions of validity (qasd, ridhā, ahliyyat, mahal, mashrū'iyyat-e jahat), the difference between bātil and ghayr-e nāfiz, and the remedial doctrines: kheyārāt (especially ghabn, 'ayb, ru'yat, shart), tafrīq-e safqa, and the effect of 'adam-e tanfīdh.
308 words, about 2 min02Civil Procedure (Ayin-e Dadresi-e Madani)
Civil procedure governs jurisdiction, the flow of a claim, and the effect of judgments. Know the hierarchy of courts, the rules of local and subject-matter jurisdiction (salāhiyyat-e zāti va mahalli), and the doctrine that jurisdictional rules are matters of public order that the court raises on its own motion.
273 words, about 1 min03Criminal Law (Hoghough-e Jaza)
Criminal law asks three questions: is there a crime, who is liable, and what is the penalty. Master the principle of legality (qānūnī būdan-e jarāyem va mojāzāt), the structure of the offense (element-e qānūnī, māddi, ma'navi), and the categories of offenses (hodūd, qesās, diyāt, ta'zīrāt).
256 words, about 1 min04Criminal Procedure (Ayin-e Dadresi-e Keyfari)
Criminal procedure governs investigation, prosecution, trial, and post-conviction review. Know the roles of the police (zehteh), the prosecutor (dādsarā), the investigating judge (bāzrasī), and the trial court; the rules on arrest and detention (bāzdāsht) and their time limits; and the rights of the accused, including access to counsel and the presumption of innocence.
242 words, about 1 min05Commercial Law (Hoghough-e Tejarat)
Commercial law covers the merchant (tājer), commercial acts (a'māl-e tejāri), the commercial register, trade names and signs, and commercial obligations. Master the rules on commercial companies (sahāmi, mahdūd, tazāmoni, etc.), especially the sahmī company's capital structure, the distinction between bearer and registered shares, and the liability of directors.
226 words, about 1 min06Family Law (Hoghough-e Khanevadeh)
Family law governs marriage (nikāh), its conditions and impediments, dowry (mahr), maintenance (nafaqa), divorce (talāq) and its varieties, khul' and mubārat, custody (hezānat), and inheritance. Know the rules on consent, the guardian's permission for a minor, the categories of prohibited marriage (mahārem), and the financial consequences of divorce, including mahr, nafaqa during the waiting period ('idda), and the fair compensation (nahlah) where applicable.
223 words, about 1 min07Constitutional Law (Hoghough-e Asasi)
Constitutional law covers sovereignty, the structure of the state, the separation and balance of powers, fundamental rights, and the hierarchy of norms. Know the roles of the Leader, the President, the Parliament (Majles), the Guardian Council (Shurā-ye Negahbān), and the Expediency Council.
218 words, about 1 min08Administrative Law (Hoghough-e Edari)
Administrative law governs the organization and acts of public administration and the review of those acts. Master the types of administrative acts (individual vs.
219 words, about 1 min09Islamic Jurisprudence (Feqh) and Principles of Law
This domain tests the sources of law and the reasoning that underlies the codes. Know the primary sources (Qur'an, Sunna, ijma', 'aql) and the secondary principles: istishāb, barā'a, ihtiyāt, takhyīr, and the maxims (qawā'id-e feqhiyya) such as 'no harm' (lā darar), 'hardship permits ease' (al-haraj), and 'certainty is not removed by doubt' (al-yaqīn lā yuzāl bi al-shakk).
208 words, about 1 min10Legal Ethics and Professional Responsibility
Legal ethics governs the duties of judges, prosecutors, and lawyers: independence, impartiality, confidentiality, competence, and fidelity to the client and the court. Know the rules on conflicts of interest, the duty to decline representation when a conflict exists, the prohibition on misleading the court, and the limits of advocacy.
197 words, under 1 min