Constitutional Law (Hoghough-e Asasi)
Core concepts
Constitutional law covers sovereignty, the structure of the state, the separation and balance of powers, fundamental rights, and the hierarchy of norms. Know the roles of the Leader, the President, the Parliament (Majles), the Guardian Council (Shurā-ye Negahbān), and the Expediency Council. Understand the legislative process, the Guardian Council's review of constitutionality and conformity with Islamic law, and the rules on emergency legislation.
Traps
Examiners test the difference between the Guardian Council's two functions and the Expediency Council's role in resolving deadlock. Distinguish rights that are absolute from those subject to law. Questions may ask whether a norm is constitutional or merely lawful, and whether a treaty requires parliamentary approval. Watch the rule that the constitution is supreme and ordinary statutes cannot override it.
Rule of thumb
For any norm, ask: who enacted it, under what competence, and does it conflict with a higher norm? Worked example: a statute restricts a constitutional right without a legal basis; the Guardian Council may find it inconsistent with the constitution and return it to the Majles, and the Expediency Council may intervene only if deadlock persists.