Administrative Law (Hoghough-e Edari)
Core concepts
Administrative law governs the organization and acts of public administration and the review of those acts. Master the types of administrative acts (individual vs. general, and the distinction between administrative acts and internal instructions), the principle of legality, and the grounds for annulment: lack of competence, defect in form, misuse of power, and violation of law. Understand the Court of Administrative Justice (Divān-e Edālat-e Edāri) and its jurisdiction, plus civil liability of the state for unlawful acts.
Traps
Questions exploit the line between an administrative act subject to review and a governmental or political act. Distinguish annulment (ebtāl) from compensation: annulment restores legality, damages require fault and loss. Watch time limits for challenging administrative decisions and the rule that a decision must be notified to start the clock. Also test whether silence of the administration can be treated as a decision.
Rule of thumb
Check legality, then remedy. Worked example: a licensing authority revokes a permit without hearing the holder. The defect in procedure and possible misuse of power support annulment; compensation additionally requires proof of loss and fault.