Iran ENT Specialty Board flashcards
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32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.
- Rinne test
- A tuning fork test comparing air conduction and bone conduction. Air conduction greater than bone conduction is normal or sensorineural loss; bone conduction greater than air conduction indicates conductive hearing loss.
- Weber test
- A tuning fork placed on the midline of the forehead. Sound lateralizes to the affected ear in conductive hearing loss and to the better ear in sensorineural hearing loss.
- BPPV
- Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo caused by displaced otoconia in semicircular canals. Dix-Hallpike test diagnoses posterior canal; Epley maneuver treats it.
- Meniere disease
- An inner ear disorder with episodic vertigo, fluctuating sensorineural hearing loss, tinnitus, and aural fullness. Treatment includes low-salt diet, diuretics, and intratympanic steroids or gentamicin.
- Cholesteatoma
- A keratinizing squamous epithelial cyst in the middle ear or mastoid. It causes conductive hearing loss, foul-smelling otorrhea, and bone erosion; treatment is surgical excision.
- Otosclerosis
- Abnormal bone remodeling of the otic capsule, often stapes fixation. It causes progressive conductive hearing loss with normal tympanic membrane; treatment is stapedotomy or hearing aid.
- Ostiomeatal complex
- The final common drainage pathway for the anterior ethmoid, maxillary, and frontal sinuses. Obstruction leads to rhinosinusitis; endoscopic surgery opens this area.
- Allergic fungal rhinosinusitis
- A noninvasive fungal sinusitis with nasal polyps, allergic mucin containing eosinophils and Charcot-Leyden crystals, and fungal hyphae. Treatment is surgery and corticosteroids, not antifungals.
- Epistaxis
- Nosebleed. Anterior epistaxis from Kiesselbach plexus is common; posterior from sphenopalatine artery. Initial treatment is pressure and cautery; posterior packing or ligation for refractory cases.
- Samter triad
- A condition with asthma, aspirin sensitivity, and nasal polyps. It is a form of aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease; treatment avoids aspirin and NSAIDs and uses leukotriene antagonists.
- Vocal fold nodules
- Bilateral symmetric benign lesions at the junction of the anterior and middle thirds of the vocal folds, caused by voice abuse. Treatment is voice therapy; surgery is rarely needed.
- Spasmodic dysphonia
- A focal laryngeal dystonia causing strained, strangled voice in adductor type or breathy voice in abductor type. Treatment is botulinum toxin injection into laryngeal muscles.
- Laryngopharyngeal reflux
- Reflux of stomach contents into the larynx and pharynx causing hoarseness, globus, and throat clearing. Diagnosis by 24-hour pH monitoring; treatment with lifestyle changes and proton pump inhibitors.
- Neck dissection levels
- Surgical classification of cervical lymph node levels: I submental/submandibular, II upper jugular, III middle jugular, IV lower jugular, V posterior triangle, VI anterior compartment, VII superior mediastinum.
- Thyroid fine-needle aspiration
- The first-line diagnostic test for thyroid nodules. Results are reported by Bethesda categories; papillary carcinoma is the most common thyroid cancer and spreads via lymphatics.
- Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
- A malignancy associated with Epstein-Barr virus, presenting with a neck mass, nasal obstruction, and epistaxis. Primary treatment is chemoradiation; surgery is for salvage.
- Acute otitis media
- Middle ear infection with bulging tympanic membrane, otalgia, and fever. First-line antibiotic is amoxicillin; observation is an option for mild cases in children over 2 years.
- Tonsillectomy indications
- Recurrent throat infections (7 in 1 year, 5 per year for 2 years, or 3 per year for 3 years), obstructive sleep apnea, or peritonsillar abscess. Surgery is not for simple recurrent pharyngitis.
- Croup
- Laryngotracheobronchitis causing barking cough, inspiratory stridor, and hoarseness in children aged 6 months to 3 years. Treatment is nebulized epinephrine and corticosteroids.
- Epiglottitis
- Acute inflammation of the epiglottis with fever, drooling, dysphagia, and tripod position. Do not examine the throat; secure the airway in the operating room. Hib vaccine prevents it.
- Marginal mandibular nerve
- A branch of the facial nerve that innervates the depressor anguli oris. Injury causes asymmetry of the lower lip and smile; it is at risk in neck surgery.
- Cleft lip repair
- Surgical closure of the cleft lip, usually by Millard rotation-advancement technique at about 3 months of age. Cleft palate repair is done at 9–12 months.
- Le Fort fractures
- Facial fractures classified as Le Fort I (low maxillary), II (pyramidal), and III (craniofacial dysjunction). Treatment is open reduction and internal fixation.
- Vestibular schwannoma
- A benign tumor of the vestibular nerve, often causing asymmetric sensorineural hearing loss and tinnitus. MRI with gadolinium is diagnostic; treatment is observation, radiosurgery, or microsurgery.
- Glomus jugulare
- A paraganglioma of the jugular foramen causing pulsatile tinnitus and lower cranial nerve palsies. Treatment is embolization followed by surgery or radiation.
- Pituitary adenoma
- A tumor of the pituitary gland, often treated by transsphenoidal endoscopic surgery. Complications include diabetes insipidus, CSF leak, and hypopituitarism.
- Anaphylaxis
- A severe allergic reaction with airway compromise and hypotension. First-line treatment is intramuscular epinephrine 0.3–0.5 mg (1:1000) in adults, repeated every 5–15 minutes as needed.
- Hereditary angioedema
- A C1 inhibitor deficiency causing recurrent angioedema without urticaria. Treatment includes C1 inhibitor concentrate, icatibant, or fresh frozen plasma; antihistamines are ineffective.
- Pure tone audiometry
- A hearing test measuring air and bone conduction thresholds. Sensorineural loss shows equal air and bone reduction; conductive loss shows an air-bone gap greater than 10 dB.
- Dix-Hallpike maneuver
- A test for posterior canal BPPV. The patient is seated, head turned 45 degrees, then rapidly lies supine with head extended 20 degrees; vertigo and nystagmus after latency indicate a positive test.
- Presbycusis
- Age-related sensorineural hearing loss, initially affecting high frequencies. Treatment includes hearing aids and communication strategies; it is the most common cause of hearing loss in older adults.
- Facial nerve segments
- The facial nerve has seven segments: intracranial, meatal, labyrinthine, tympanic, mastoid, extratemporal, and peripheral. The tympanic and mastoid segments are susceptible to Bell's palsy.