Iran Specialty Board - Urology flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Glomerular filtration rate

The volume of plasma filtered by the glomeruli per unit time; determined by filtration surface area and net filtration pressure, and used to stage chronic kidney disease.

Ureteric bud

Embryologic outgrowth of the mesonephric duct that induces the metanephric blastema to form the kidney; abnormal position or duplication causes renal and ureteral anomalies.

Detrusor overactivity

Involuntary detrusor contraction during the filling phase of urodynamics, which may be idiopathic or neurogenic and often causes urgency and urge incontinence.

Post-void residual

Volume of urine remaining in the bladder after voiding, measured by ultrasound or catheterization; elevated values suggest incomplete emptying or outlet obstruction.

Clear cell renal carcinoma

The most common renal cell carcinoma subtype, associated with VHL gene inactivation and prominent vascularity; it is the subtype most responsive to antiangiogenic therapy.

Grade Group

Prostate cancer grading system from 1 to 5 based on Gleason pattern; Grade Group 1 is Gleason 3+3 and Grade Group 5 is Gleason 9-10.

Bacillus Calmette-Guérin

Intravesical immunotherapy used for high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer and carcinoma in situ; maintenance therapy reduces recurrence and progression.

Struvite stone

Magnesium ammonium phosphate stone formed by urease-producing bacteria such as Proteus; it can grow into a staghorn calculus and requires complete removal and infection eradication.

Percutaneous nephrolithotomy

Minimally invasive surgery through a percutaneous tract into the kidney, preferred for stones larger than 2 cm, staghorn calculi, and complex lower pole stones.

Shockwave lithotripsy

Noninvasive stone treatment using focused acoustic waves; most effective for stones under 2 cm that are radiopaque and located in the kidney or proximal ureter.

Stress urinary incontinence

Involuntary leakage of urine with effort, coughing, or sneezing due to urethral sphincter deficiency or hypermobility; midurethral sling is standard surgical treatment.

POP-Q system

Standardized pelvic organ prolapse quantification using defined vaginal points referenced to the hymen; stage 0 is no prolapse and stage IV is complete eversion.

Detrusor sphincter dyssynergia

Simultaneous involuntary detrusor contraction and external sphincter contraction during voiding, typical of suprasacral spinal cord lesions and risking upper tract damage.

PDE5 inhibitors

Oral drugs that increase cyclic GMP by blocking phosphodiesterase-5, used for erectile dysfunction; contraindicated with nitrates because of severe hypotension.

Varicocele

Dilated spermatic cord veins, usually left-sided; repair may improve semen parameters in men with palpable varicocele and abnormal semen analysis.

Ischemic priapism

Prolonged painful erection lasting more than four hours with little cavernosal blood flow; treated urgently by aspiration, irrigation, and intracavernosal phenylephrine.

Vesicoureteral reflux grading

Five-grade system based on voiding cystourethrography: grade I is ureteral reflux only and grade V is gross dilation with tortuosity and loss of papillary impressions.

Cryptorchidism

Failure of testicular descent; orchiopexy is recommended by 12-18 months of age to reduce infertility and malignancy risk, and intra-abdominal testes carry higher tumor risk.

Posterior urethral valves

Congenital obstructive membranes in the posterior urethra of male infants, causing bilateral hydronephrosis, thick-walled bladder, and risk of renal dysplasia.

Hyperacute rejection

Transplant rejection occurring within minutes to hours due to preformed donor-specific antibodies; prevented by crossmatching and not treatable once established.

Delayed graft function

Need for dialysis within the first week after kidney transplantation, more common with deceased donors and prolonged cold ischemia; requires evaluation for rejection and obstruction.

Retrograde urethrography

Contrast study of the anterior urethra performed before catheterization when urethral injury is suspected; it identifies strictures and extravasation.

Ileal conduit

Incontinent urinary diversion using a segment of ileum to carry urine to a stoma; the most common diversion after radical cystectomy.

Fournier gangrene

Necrotizing fasciitis of the perineum and genitalia; requires urgent surgical debridement and broad-spectrum antibiotics to reduce mortality.

Acute bacterial prostatitis

Infection of the prostate presenting with fever, dysuria, and perineal pain; treated with culture-directed antibiotics for two to four weeks.

Sterile pyuria

Presence of white blood cells in urine with negative routine cultures; should prompt evaluation for tuberculosis, calculi, or malignancy.

Transurethral resection syndrome

Absorption of hypotonic irrigation fluid during transurethral resection of the prostate causing dilutional hyponatremia, confusion, and seizures; managed by stopping surgery and correcting sodium.

Venous thromboembolism prophylaxis

Risk-stratified use of mechanical or pharmacologic measures to prevent postoperative venous thromboembolism; extended prophylaxis follows major pelvic cancer surgery.

Informed consent

Patient's voluntary agreement after disclosure of diagnosis, proposed treatment, alternatives, and material risks; must be documented before procedures.

Shared decision-making

Collaborative process in which clinician and patient discuss options and preferences, used when several reasonable treatments exist such as surveillance versus treatment for low-risk prostate cancer.

Renal colic imaging

Non-contrast CT of the abdomen and pelvis is first-line for suspected ureteral stones, with ultrasound preferred in pregnancy and children.

Testicular torsion salvage

Surgical detorsion and bilateral orchiopexy; salvage rates are highest within six hours and decline markedly after twelve hours of ischemia.