Iran Konkur Languages key terms

A conclusion drawn from evidence in a text rather than stated directly. Konkur reading items often ask what the writer implies, so you must combine clues with general knowledge while staying within what the passage supports.

The central point a passage develops as a whole, broader than any single detail. Distractors in Konkur items frequently restate one supporting sentence, so check whether an option covers the entire text.

The sentence, usually first or last in a paragraph, that announces what the paragraph will develop. Locating topic sentences quickly gives you a skeleton outline of a long reading passage.

A fact, example, statistic, or reason that backs up a broader claim in a passage. Detail questions ask you to locate such information and distinguish it from the writer's general statements.

The word or phrase a pronoun or demonstrative points back to, such as what 'this' or 'they' means in context. Reference items require checking number, gender, and logic against nearby nouns.

The writer's attitude toward the subject, for example critical, neutral, enthusiastic, or ironic. Tone questions are answered from word choice and evaluative adjectives rather than from the topic alone.

The way sentences and paragraphs are linked through connectors, pronouns, and repeated vocabulary so the text reads as one unit. Cohesion clues help you order sentences or choose the right linking word.

A connector such as 'however', 'therefore', or 'in addition' that signals contrast, result, or addition between ideas. Recognizing its logical function is essential for cloze items and sentence-insertion questions.

A relationship in which two ideas are set against each other, marked by words like 'although', 'whereas', 'despite', or 'on the other hand'. Missing a contrast signal is a common cause of wrong answers in reading items.

A logical link in which one event or condition produces another, signalled by 'because', 'lead to', 'result in', or 'due to'. Questions may ask what consequence the author attributes to a given factor.

Reading rapidly to find a specific piece of information, such as a date, name, or number, without reading every word. It saves time on detail questions in long Konkur passages.

Reading quickly for gist by focusing on headings, first sentences, and repeated key words. Use it before answering questions so you know where each idea sits in the passage.

The rule that a verb must match its subject in number and person, as in 'The list of items is long'. Intervening phrases and indefinite pronouns such as 'each' or 'neither' often hide the true subject.

Keeping verb tenses logically ordered within a sentence or paragraph, shifting only when the time frame changes. Konkur grammar items often plant an unnecessary tense shift as the error.

A sentence expressing a condition, using patterns such as 'If + present, will', 'If + past, would', and 'If + had + past participle, would have'. Mixed and inverted conditionals appear in advanced items.

A verb form used for wishes, demands, and unreal situations, as in 'I suggest that he be informed' or 'If I were you'. It is tested through base-form verbs after 'insist', 'recommend', and similar words.

A construction in which the object of the action becomes the subject, formed with 'be' plus past participle, as in 'The bridge was built in 1990'. Items test correct auxiliary choice and agreement in passives.

A structure showing that someone arranges for an action to be done by another, using 'have/get something done' or 'make/let someone do'. Choosing between 'make', 'let', 'have', and 'get' depends on the intended meaning.

The choice between 'to + verb' and 'verb + -ing' after particular verbs, prepositions, and adjectives, as in 'avoid doing' but 'decide to do'. Some verbs change meaning with the choice, such as 'stop' and 'remember'.

A clause introduced by 'who', 'which', 'that', 'whose', or 'where' that modifies a noun. Items test pronoun choice, omission of the object pronoun, and reduced relative forms.

Placing the auxiliary before the subject for emphasis or after negative adverbials, as in 'Never have I seen such a sight' or 'Rarely does he complain'. It also occurs in questions and after 'so' and 'nor'.

A helping verb such as 'can', 'must', 'should', or 'might' that expresses ability, obligation, possibility, or deduction. Items test the past forms 'must have done' and 'needn't have done' versus 'didn't need to'.

A noun naming a group, such as 'team', 'committee', or 'audience'. In British usage it may take a plural verb when members act individually, while American usage normally treats it as singular.

The distinction between nouns that can be counted and pluralised, like 'chair', and mass nouns like 'information' or 'advice'. It determines article use and quantifiers such as 'many', 'much', and 'a few'.

The conventional pairing of a preposition with a particular verb, adjective, or noun, as in 'depend on', 'interested in', or 'solution to'. These pairings are memorised rather than derived from rules.

A verb combined with a particle or preposition that creates a new meaning, such as 'give up', 'put off', or 'come across'. Items test both meaning and whether the object may sit between verb and particle.

A habitual word partnership that sounds natural to native speakers, such as 'heavy rain' or 'make a decision'. Vocabulary items often test which verb or adjective conventionally accompanies a given noun.

The emotional or evaluative shade a word carries beyond its literal meaning, as 'slender' versus 'skinny'. Choosing the right option in vocabulary items often depends on this shade rather than dictionary meaning.

The correct grammatical shape of a word family member, such as noun, verb, adjective, or adverb, as in 'success', 'succeed', 'successful', 'successfully'. Word-form items supply a root and require the part of speech the sentence needs.

Affixes added to a root to change meaning or part of speech, such as 'un-', 'mis-', '-ness', or '-less'. Knowing common affixes lets you deduce the meaning and form of unfamiliar words.

A group of words sharing one root but differing in form and function, such as 'create, creation, creative, creatively'. Building families helps you answer word-form items without guessing.

A passage with words removed that you must restore from options, using grammar and meaning clues around each gap. Success depends on reading the whole sentence and checking cohesion before choosing.

An incorrect option designed to attract candidates through partial truth, wrong word form, or a plausible but unsupported idea. Eliminating distractors deliberately is often faster than proving the right answer.

A word in one language that shares origin and often form with a word in another, such as English 'nation' and Persian 'ملت' or French 'nation'. Cognates aid second-language reading but sometimes differ in meaning.

A word that looks similar across two languages but differs in meaning, such as English 'actual' versus French 'actuel' (current). Relying on surface similarity without context causes misreading.

Information in surrounding text, such as a definition, example, or contrast, that reveals an unknown word's meaning. Second-language reading items reward using these clues instead of translating word by word.

A deductive argument with two premises and a conclusion, as in 'All A are B; all B are C; therefore all A are C'. Validity depends on form, not on whether the premises are factually true.

The property of an argument whose conclusion must follow from its premises if those premises are true. A valid argument can still have false premises, so validity alone does not guarantee a true conclusion.

Reaching a necessary conclusion from given statements by applying rules rather than experience. Konkur reasoning items present conditions about people or objects and ask what must be true.

A relationship question of the form 'A is to B as C is to ?', requiring you to identify the exact relation, such as part-to-whole, cause-to-effect, or worker-to-tool. State the relation in words before checking options.

A set of items in which all but one share a common property, and you must identify the exception. The shared rule may involve meaning, category, spelling pattern, or numerical property.

Grouping items by a common feature or deciding which category a word belongs to. Verbal classification items test whether you can spot the defining property rather than a superficial similarity.

An unstated premise that an argument depends on for its conclusion to follow. Assumption questions ask which statement must be true for the reasoning to hold, even though it is never said.

A number expressed as a fraction of one hundred, used to compare quantities on a common scale. Percentage-change problems require dividing the change by the original value, not by the new one.

A comparison of two quantities by division and an equation stating that two ratios are equal. Sharing problems divide a total according to given parts, so first find the value of one part.

The sum of a set of values divided by how many values there are. Items often give the mean and ask for a missing value, or describe how the mean changes when a number is added.

The median is the middle value of an ordered data set, and the mode is the most frequent value. Unlike the mean, the median is unaffected by extreme outliers.

A ratio comparing quantities of different units, such as kilometres per hour or words per minute. Work-rate problems combine rates by adding the fractions of a job completed per unit time.

Reading values and trends from tables, bar charts, line graphs, or pie charts and computing with them. Check units and axis scales first, since misleading labels are a common trap.

The chance of an event, calculated as favourable outcomes divided by all equally likely outcomes. Combined events multiply independent probabilities and add probabilities of mutually exclusive ones.

Counting arrangements where order matters (permutation) versus selections where it does not (combination). Recognising which applies is the key step before applying factorial formulas.