SAMPAD Grade 10 Entrance Exam key terms

The process by which green plants use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to produce glucose and oxygen. It occurs in chloroplasts and is the foundation of most food chains.

The green pigment in plant cells that absorbs light energy for photosynthesis. It is found in chloroplasts and gives leaves their characteristic color.

The process by which cells break down glucose to release energy, producing ATP, carbon dioxide, and water. It occurs in the mitochondria and is essentially the reverse of photosynthesis.

Organelles often called the powerhouse of the cell because they generate most of the cell's ATP through cellular respiration. They have their own DNA and a double membrane.

The movement of water molecules across a semipermeable membrane from a region of lower solute concentration to a region of higher solute concentration. It is a passive process requiring no energy.

The net movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration, driven by random molecular motion. It is a passive process that continues until equilibrium is reached.

A membrane that allows certain molecules or ions to pass through while blocking others. In cells, the plasma membrane is semipermeable and controls what enters and exits.

The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on it and inversely proportional to its mass, expressed as F = ma. It explains how force changes motion.

The rate of change of velocity with respect to time. It is a vector quantity, meaning it has both magnitude and direction, and is measured in meters per second squared (m/s²).

The speed of an object in a given direction. It is a vector quantity, so two objects with the same speed but different directions have different velocities.

The distance traveled per unit time, without regard to direction. It is a scalar quantity, calculated as distance divided by time.

A push or pull that can change an object's state of motion or shape. It is a vector quantity measured in newtons (N).

The current through a conductor is directly proportional to the voltage across it and inversely proportional to its resistance, expressed as V = IR. It applies to many metallic conductors at constant temperature.

The electrical potential difference between two points in a circuit, measured in volts (V). It represents the energy per unit charge available to drive current.

The rate of flow of electric charge past a point in a circuit, measured in amperes (A). It is driven by voltage and opposed by resistance.

The opposition to the flow of electric current in a material, measured in ohms (Ω). It depends on the material's resistivity, length, and cross-sectional area.

A substance that donates hydrogen ions (H⁺) in solution, has a pH less than 7, and turns blue litmus paper red. Acids react with bases to form salts and water.

A substance that accepts hydrogen ions or donates hydroxide ions (OH⁻) in solution, has a pH greater than 7, and turns red litmus paper blue. Bases react with acids to form salts and water.

A logarithmic scale from 0 to 14 used to measure the acidity or alkalinity of a solution. A pH of 7 is neutral; below 7 is acidic, and above 7 is basic.

The amount of substance containing exactly 6.022 × 10²³ particles (Avogadro's number). It is used to relate the mass of a substance to the number of particles it contains.

The mass of one mole of a substance, expressed in grams per mole (g/mol). It is numerically equal to the substance's relative atomic or molecular mass.

The number of particles in one mole of a substance, approximately 6.022 × 10²³. It provides a bridge between the microscopic and macroscopic worlds in chemistry.

A tabular arrangement of chemical elements ordered by atomic number, with elements having similar properties grouped together. It helps predict element behavior and properties.

The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom, which uniquely identifies an element. It determines the element's position in the periodic table.

An equation of the form ax² + bx + c = 0, where a, b, and c are constants and a ≠ 0. Its solutions can be found using factoring, completing the square, or the quadratic formula.

The formula x = [−b ± √(b² − 4ac)] / (2a) that gives the solutions to any quadratic equation ax² + bx + c = 0. It works for all quadratic equations, even when factoring is difficult.

The expression b² − 4ac in the quadratic formula, which determines the nature of the roots. If positive, there are two distinct real roots; if zero, one real root; if negative, no real roots.

In a right-angled triangle, the square of the hypotenuse equals the sum of the squares of the other two sides: a² + b² = c². It is used to find unknown side lengths.

The longest side of a right-angled triangle, opposite the right angle. Its length can be found using the Pythagorean theorem.

A ratio of two sides of a right-angled triangle, such as sine, cosine, or tangent, defined relative to a given acute angle. These ratios are used to solve problems involving right triangles.

A sequence in which the difference between consecutive terms is constant, called the common difference. For example, 2, 5, 8, 11 is an arithmetic progression with common difference 3.

A sequence in which each term after the first is found by multiplying the previous term by a fixed, non-zero number called the common ratio. For example, 3, 6, 12, 24 has common ratio 2.

The sum of a set of values divided by the number of values, also called the average. It is a measure of central tendency affected by extreme values.

The middle value in a set of data arranged in ascending or descending order. If there is an even number of values, the median is the average of the two middle values.

The value that appears most frequently in a set of data. A data set may have one mode, more than one mode, or no mode at all.

A figure of speech that makes a direct comparison between two unlike things without using 'like' or 'as'. For example, 'The classroom was a zoo' is a metaphor.

A figure of speech that compares two unlike things using 'like' or 'as'. For example, 'Her smile was as bright as the sun' is a simile.

The grammatical rule that the subject and verb in a sentence must agree in number. A singular subject takes a singular verb, and a plural subject takes a plural verb.

The form of a verb that indicates the time of an action or state, such as past, present, or future. It helps convey when events occur in relation to the moment of speaking.

বাংলা ব্যাকরণে দুইটি ধ্বনির মিলনকে সন্ধি বলে। যেমন: বিদ্যা + আলয় = বিদ্যালয়। সন্ধি স্বরসন্ধি, ব্যঞ্জনসন্ধি ও বিসর্গসন্ধি-এই তিন প্রকার।

বাংলা ব্যাকরণে একাধিক পদ মিলে একটি পদে পরিণত হওয়াকে সমাস বলে। যেমন: রাজপুত্র (রাজার পুত্র)। সমাসের মাধ্যমে বাক্য সংক্ষিপ্ত ও সুন্দর হয়।