ISSA CPT flashcards
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31 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.
- Sarcomere
- The functional contractile unit of a muscle fiber, spanning from one Z-line to the next; actin filaments slide over myosin during contraction to shorten the fiber.
- Muscle spindle
- A stretch receptor embedded within skeletal muscle that detects the magnitude and rate of lengthening and triggers the stretch reflex to stabilize the joint.
- Golgi tendon organ
- A tension-sensing receptor at the muscle-tendon junction; rising tension triggers autogenic inhibition, reducing muscle force output and protecting the tissue.
- Type I muscle fiber
- A slow-twitch, oxidative fiber with high capillary and mitochondrial density, low force output and high fatigue resistance; it is recruited first during low-intensity activity.
- ATP-PC system
- The phosphagen system supplies ATP for roughly the first ten seconds of maximal effort through creatine kinase and stored phosphocreatine, requiring no oxygen.
- Respiratory exchange ratio
- The ratio of carbon dioxide produced to oxygen consumed; about 0.70 reflects fat oxidation, 1.00 reflects carbohydrate, and 0.85 suggests a mixed fuel mix.
- Karvonen formula
- Target heart rate equals ((HRmax minus HRrest) multiplied by intensity percentage) plus HRrest; the heart-rate reserve method accounts for individual resting heart rate.
- Lactate threshold
- The intensity at which blood lactate accumulates faster than it is cleared, typically 50-60% of VO2max in untrained and 70-80% in trained individuals.
- Torque
- The rotational effect of a force, calculated as force times the perpendicular distance from the force line to the axis; a longer moment arm increases torque.
- Third-class lever
- A lever with effort between the fulcrum and the load, as in the biceps curl; it favors speed and range of motion over mechanical advantage. Most human joints are third class.
- Force-velocity relationship
- Concentric force output decreases as movement velocity increases; eccentric contractions can produce greater force than isometric, which exceeds concentric force.
- PAR-Q+
- A pre-participation screening questionnaire; a client answering yes to any question is generally referred to a physician before starting or advancing an exercise program.
- Body mass index
- Weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared; 25.0-29.9 is classified as overweight and 30.0 or higher as obese in adults.
- ACSM risk stratification
- Screening that sorts clients into low, moderate or high risk using symptoms, known disease and risk-factor count, and determines whether medical clearance is required.
- Blood pressure categories
- Normal is below 120/80 mmHg; elevated is 120-129 over under 80; stage 1 hypertension is 130-139 or 80-89; stage 2 is 140/90 or higher.
- FITT-VP
- A programming acronym for Frequency, Intensity, Time, Type, Volume and Progression, used to structure and advance cardiorespiratory and resistance training prescriptions.
- Progressive overload
- Systematically increasing training stress through load, volume, density or complexity over time so adaptation continues; it underlies all long-term program design.
- 2-for-2 rule
- Increase resistance when a client performs two or more repetitions beyond the goal in the final set on two consecutive training sessions.
- Mesocycle
- A training block lasting several weeks to a few months within an annual macrocycle, usually targeting one primary adaptation such as hypertrophy, strength or power.
- Protein for hypertrophy
- An intake of roughly 1.4 to 2.0 grams per kilogram of body weight daily supports muscle protein synthesis in resistance-trained clients; the general RDA is 0.8 g/kg.
- 3500-kcal rule
- One pound of body fat stores approximately 3500 kilocalories, so a daily deficit of 500 kcal theoretically yields about one pound of fat loss per week.
- Mifflin-St Jeor equation
- A resting metabolic rate estimate using weight in kilograms, height in centimeters and age, with a sex-specific constant, then multiplied by an activity factor.
- Glycogen loading
- Raising carbohydrate intake to about 6-10 grams per kilogram of body weight daily for several days before prolonged endurance events to maximize muscle glycogen stores.
- PEACE and LOVE
- Current soft-tissue injury guidance: Protection, Elevation, Avoid anti-inflammatories, Compression, Education, then Load, Optimism, Vascularization and Exercise, replacing RICE.
- Exercise with diabetes
- Blood glucose monitoring, available fast-acting carbohydrate and foot inspection are standard precautions; training is generally best performed one to three hours after a meal.
- Osteoporosis precautions
- Weight-bearing and resistance training are beneficial, but heavy spinal flexion, twisting and high-impact loading increase fracture risk when bone mineral density is low.
- Pregnancy exercise cautions
- After the first trimester, prolonged supine exercise and activities with high fall or abdominal trauma risk are avoided; physician clearance guides intensity and modality.
- Scope of practice
- Certified personal trainers design and supervise exercise programs and educate clients, but do not diagnose conditions, prescribe therapeutic diets, or provide medical treatment.
- SOAP notes
- A structured session record: Subjective client report, Objective measured data, Assessment of progress, and Plan for next steps; it supports continuity and documentation.
- Negligence elements
- A negligence claim requires four elements: a duty of care owed to the client, a breach of that duty, causation of the injury, and demonstrable damages.
- Informed consent
- A signed disclosure of exercise risks, benefits and alternatives obtained before assessment or training that documents the client's voluntary agreement to participate.