JBTE Primary Education Exam flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Object permanence

The understanding that objects continue to exist when out of sight. It develops during Piaget's sensorimotor stage, typically appearing in infants by about eight to twelve months of age.

Zone of proximal development

Vygotsky's term for the range of tasks a learner cannot yet do alone but can accomplish with guidance from a more capable person, which is where scaffolding is most effective.

Conservation

The recognition that quantity stays the same despite changes in appearance or arrangement. It marks Piaget's concrete operational stage and is typically absent in preoperational children.

Negative reinforcement

Removing an unpleasant stimulus after a behavior, which increases the likelihood that behavior recurs. It is not the same as punishment, which decreases behavior.

Scaffolding

Temporary supports such as modeling, prompts, or chunked steps that let a learner complete a task beyond independent reach; supports are gradually withdrawn as competence grows.

Phonemic awareness

The ability to notice and manipulate individual sounds in spoken words, such as blending or segmenting phonemes. It is the most specific level of phonological awareness.

Simple View of Reading

A model stating that reading comprehension equals decoding ability multiplied by language comprehension. A weakness in either factor limits overall reading comprehension.

Digraph versus blend

A digraph is two letters producing one sound, such as sh or ch. A blend is two or more consonants whose individual sounds are all heard, such as bl or str.

Fluency dimensions

Fluency consists of accuracy, appropriate rate, and prosody, or expressive reading. It connects word recognition to comprehension and is often measured in words correct per minute.

BICS and CALP

BICS is conversational language proficiency, usually acquired in one to three years. CALP is academic language proficiency, typically taking five to seven years to develop.

Distributive property

Multiplying a sum by a factor gives the same result as multiplying each addend separately: a times the sum of b and c equals ab plus ac.

Dividing by a fraction

Dividing by a fraction is equivalent to multiplying by its reciprocal. For example, one-half divided by one-fourth equals one-half times four, which is two.

Median versus mean

The mean is the sum divided by the count. The median is the middle value of an ordered data set, and it is less affected by extreme outliers.

Area of a triangle

Area equals one-half times base times height, where height is measured perpendicular to the chosen base. The result is expressed in square units.

Independent versus dependent variable

The independent variable is deliberately changed by the experimenter. The dependent variable is measured and is expected to respond to that change.

Photosynthesis inputs and outputs

Plants use carbon dioxide, water, and light energy to produce glucose and release oxygen. Chlorophyll in chloroplasts captures the light energy needed for the reaction.

Cause of Moon phases

Moon phases result from the Moon's changing position relative to Earth and the Sun, so we see varying portions of its sunlit half. Earth's shadow causes eclipses, not phases.

Energy in food chains

Only about ten percent of energy transfers from one trophic level to the next. The rest is lost mainly as heat, which limits food chains to a few links.

Conductors and insulators

Conductors such as copper and aluminum allow electric current to flow easily. Insulators such as rubber and glass resist current flow and are used for safety.

Latitude versus longitude

Latitude lines run east to west and measure distance north or south of the Equator. Longitude lines run north to south and measure distance east or west of the Prime Meridian.

Opportunity cost

The value of the next best alternative given up when a choice is made. Scarcity forces choices, and every choice carries an opportunity cost.

Checks and balances

Constitutional provisions letting each branch limit the others, such as a presidential veto or judicial review, preventing any single branch from dominating government.

Primary versus secondary sources

Primary sources are firsthand records such as letters, diaries, and artifacts. Secondary sources, such as textbooks, interpret and analyze primary evidence.

FITT principle

A framework for exercise prescription covering Frequency, Intensity, Time, and Type. Adjusting these variables builds cardiovascular endurance, strength, or flexibility.

Target heart rate range

The training zone of roughly sixty to eighty-five percent of maximum heart rate, where maximum heart rate is estimated as 220 minus age in years.

Aerobic versus anaerobic activity

Aerobic activity is sustained and uses oxygen, such as jogging or swimming. Anaerobic activity is brief and intense, such as sprinting, and relies on stored energy.

Elements of art

The building blocks used to make and describe artwork: line, shape, form, color, value, texture, and space. Principles of design organize these elements.

Complementary colors

Colors opposite each other on the color wheel, such as red and green. Placed side by side they create strong contrast and visual vibration.

Tableau in drama

A frozen, silent group picture created with bodies and facial expression to represent a moment, scene, or idea. It builds focus and nonverbal communication.

BASTE dance elements

Body, Action, Space, Time, and Energy, the five elements used to describe and create dance. Locomotor actions travel; nonlocomotor actions stay in place.

Functional behavior assessment

A process identifying the antecedent, behavior, and consequence surrounding a behavior to determine its function: attention, escape, access, or sensory needs.

Formative versus summative assessment

Formative assessment occurs during instruction to guide teaching adjustments. Summative assessment occurs at the end of learning to measure achievement against standards.