Tawjihi Business Field flashcards
Tawjihi Business Field · Build recall with a focused review session.
32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.
- Accounting equation
- Assets equal liabilities plus owner's equity. Every recorded transaction preserves this balance, because double-entry bookkeeping records equal debits and credits for each event.
- Accrual basis
- Revenue is recorded when earned and expenses when incurred, regardless of when cash moves. It differs from the cash basis, which records only actual receipts and payments.
- Trial balance
- A list of all ledger account balances at a date. Total debits should equal total credits; unequal totals reveal an error, though equal totals do not guarantee accuracy.
- Price elasticity of demand
- The percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in price. Demand is elastic when the absolute value exceeds one, meaning buyers respond strongly to price changes.
- Market equilibrium
- The price at which quantity demanded equals quantity supplied. A price ceiling set below it causes shortage; a price floor set above it causes surplus.
- Gross domestic product
- The total market value of final goods and services produced within a country in a period, calculated as consumption plus investment plus government spending plus net exports.
- Profit maximization rule
- A firm maximizes profit at the output level where marginal revenue equals marginal cost. Producing beyond that point adds more cost than revenue.
- Span of control
- The number of subordinates directly supervised by one manager. A narrow span produces a taller hierarchy with more management levels; a wide span flattens it.
- SWOT analysis
- A planning tool classifying internal strengths and weaknesses against external opportunities and threats, used to match organizational capability with environmental conditions before setting strategy.
- Herzberg two-factor theory
- Hygiene factors such as pay and working conditions prevent dissatisfaction but do not motivate. Motivators such as achievement, recognition, and growth produce genuine satisfaction.
- Marketing mix
- The four Ps of product, price, place, and promotion that a firm combines to serve a target market. Service marketing adds people, process, and physical evidence.
- Market segmentation
- Dividing a broad market into groups of buyers with similar needs using demographic, geographic, psychographic, or behavioral variables, so that marketing efforts can target chosen segments precisely.
- Penetration pricing
- Setting a low introductory price to attract buyers quickly and build market share. It contrasts with skimming, which sets a high initial price to capture early adopters.
- AIDA model
- A sequence describing buyer response to promotion: Attention, Interest, Desire, and Action. Each stage must be achieved before the customer completes a purchase.
- Compound interest formula
- The compound amount equals principal multiplied by one plus the interest rate raised to the number of periods. Interest earned is the amount minus the original principal.
- Break-even quantity
- Fixed costs divided by the difference between unit selling price and unit variable cost. At this output level total revenue exactly equals total cost, with zero profit.
- Markup on cost
- Selling price minus cost, divided by cost, expressed as a percentage. Margin instead divides the same difference by selling price, giving a smaller percentage.
- Standard deviation
- A measure of how far values spread around the mean. A larger standard deviation indicates greater dispersion; a value of zero means all observations are identical.
- Valid contract elements
- Offer, acceptance, consideration, contractual capacity, and lawful purpose. If any element is missing, the agreement may be void, voidable, or unenforceable.
- Void versus voidable contract
- A void contract has no legal effect from the start. A voidable contract is valid until one party with a legal ground, such as misrepresentation, chooses to rescind it.
- Corporate social responsibility
- A firm's voluntary commitment to act ethically toward employees, customers, the community, and the environment, balancing profit with social and environmental obligations beyond legal minimums.
- Credit creation multiplier
- The maximum new deposits generated by an initial deposit equal the deposit multiplied by one divided by the reserve ratio. Higher reserve requirements reduce money creation.
- Collateral
- An asset pledged by a borrower to secure a loan. If the borrower defaults, the lender may seize and sell the asset to recover the outstanding debt.
- Islamic banking
- Banking that prohibits interest, called riba, and instead uses profit-and-loss sharing structures such as murabaha, musharaka, and mudaraba to finance activity.
- Absolute versus relative reference
- In spreadsheets, a relative reference like A1 shifts when copied, while an absolute reference like $A$1 stays fixed. Dollar signs lock the column, row, or both.
- Primary key
- A field, or combination of fields, that uniquely identifies each record in a database table. It prevents duplicate records and links tables in relationships.
- Phishing
- A social-engineering attack in which fraudulent messages impersonate a trusted party to trick users into revealing passwords, card numbers, or other confidential information.
- Business plan
- A written document covering the business idea, market analysis, marketing and operations plans, management team, and financial projections, used to guide the venture and attract finance.
- Fixed versus variable costs
- Fixed costs stay constant regardless of output, such as rent. Variable costs change with units produced, such as raw materials. Together they form total cost.
- Franchising
- An arrangement where an entrepreneur pays fees and royalties to operate under an established brand and proven system, gaining support and recognition while accepting standardized rules.
- Cash flow statement
- A report of cash inflows and outflows over a period, divided into operating, investing, and financing activities. It reveals liquidity, which profit alone does not show.
- همزة القطع وهمزة الوصل
- همزة القطع تُنطق وتُكتب دائمًا مثل (أحمد، إبراهيم)، أما همزة الوصل فتُنطق في بدء الكلام وتسقط في الوصل مثل (الكتاب، استخدم).