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大学入学共通テスト - Independent foundational practice study materials
大学入学共通テスト - Independent foundational practice study resources

大学入学共通テスト - Independent foundational practice practice questions

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Question 1国語の基礎

短い文章: 市立図書館では、夕方に利用者が集中し、自習席が不足していた。そこで来月から、平日は閉館時刻を1時間延ばし、空いている会議室も自習用に開放することになった。本文の中心内容として最も適切なものはどれか。

  1. 夕方の利用者が減ったため閉館を早める
  2. 図書館は平日の利用を禁止する
  3. 自習席不足への対策として利用時間と場所を増やす Correct answer.
  4. 会議室をすべて貸し出し用に戻す

Explanation

The passage presents a problem and two responses: crowded evening use, longer weekday hours, and meeting rooms opened for study. Common Test Japanese items often ask you to capture the relationship between issue and action, not just one detail.

Question 2国語の基礎

掲示: 奨学金の申請書は6月14日17時までに学生課へ提出してください。郵送の場合も同時刻までに必着です。この掲示から正しく分かることはどれか。

  1. 申請書は学生課ではなく図書館に出す
  2. 締切は6月15日の朝である
  3. 郵送でも締切時刻までに学生課へ届いている必要がある Correct answer.
  4. 郵送なら6月14日に投函すればよい

Explanation

必着 means the document must arrive by the stated deadline, not merely be sent by then. The deadline applies to both in-person and mailed submissions.

Question 3国語の基礎

文: 雨が降っているにもかかわらず、試合は予定どおり行われた。下線部に当たる表現 にもかかわらず の意味として最も近いものはどれか。

  1. 雨が降っているので
  2. 雨が降っていなければ
  3. 雨が降っているのに Correct answer.
  4. 雨が降り始める前に

Explanation

にもかかわらず expresses concession: something happens despite a condition that might normally prevent it. Here, the game went ahead even though it was raining.

Question 4国語の基礎

古文の基礎: いとをかし の いと の意味として最も適切なものはどれか。

  1. いつか
  2. 少し
  3. とても Correct answer.
  4. まったくない

Explanation

In classical Japanese, いと is an intensifier meaning very or greatly. Recognizing common classical adverbs helps with quick interpretation of short classical passages.

Question 5国語の基礎

漢文の基礎: 未だ知らず という形の意味として最も適切なものはどれか。

  1. 必ず知るべきだ
  2. 知ることを望む
  3. まだ知らない Correct answer.
  4. すでに知っている

Explanation

未だ...ず is a standard kanbun pattern meaning not yet. The negative ず works with 未だ to show that the action has not happened so far.

Question 6国語の基礎

文章: 地方鉄道の利用者は減少しているが、朝夕の通学時間帯には一定の需要がある。自治体は、全便を維持するのではなく、通学時間帯を中心に便数を残し、昼間は予約制の小型車両を導入する案を検討している。この案の特徴として最も適切なものはどれか。

  1. 通学時間帯の便を最初に削減する
  2. 需要の少ない時間帯も同じ便数を維持する
  3. 鉄道を廃止して自家用車だけに頼る
  4. 利用実態に合わせて交通手段を組み合わせる Correct answer.

Explanation

The plan preserves trains where demand remains and uses smaller reservation-based vehicles at low-demand times. The key is adjusting service to actual use rather than treating all time periods alike.

Question 7国語の基礎

古文: 先生、弟子に道を教へ給ふ。ここで 給ふ が表す敬意の向きとして最も適切なものはどれか。

  1. 読み手への丁寧
  2. 道への尊敬
  3. 先生への尊敬 Correct answer.
  4. 弟子への謙譲

Explanation

給ふ is a common honorific auxiliary in classical Japanese, raising the subject of the action. Since the teacher is the one teaching, the respect is directed toward the teacher.

Question 8国語の基礎

資料: ある高校の探究発表会では、来場者アンケートで 発表内容が分かりやすい が72%、質疑応答が十分 が41%、資料が見やすい が68%だった。次年度の改善策として、最も資料に基づくものはどれか。

  1. 資料作成の指導だけを増やす
  2. アンケートを取るのをやめる
  3. 発表内容をすべて廃止する
  4. 質疑応答の時間や方法を見直す Correct answer.

Explanation

The lowest positive response is for question-and-answer adequacy, so that is the clearest improvement target. Common Test reading often expects you to match data with a practical conclusion.

Question 9国語の基礎

次の文を入れる位置として最も自然な箇所はどれか。挿入文: しかし、利用者が増えれば管理の負担も大きくなる。本文: A 市は公園に無料Wi-Fiを整備した。B これにより、学生や観光客が情報を調べやすくなる。C 市は利用規約を見直し、接続時間に上限を設けることにした。D

  1. AとBの間
  2. BとCの間 Correct answer.
  3. CとDの間
  4. Aの前

Explanation

The inserted sentence contrasts the benefit in B with the management burden that explains C. However belongs after the positive effect and before the policy response.

Question 10国語の基礎

作文の検討: 課題 ボランティア活動を高校で必修にすべきか に対する理由として、最も説得力が高いものはどれか。

  1. 反対する人の意見は聞かなくてよいから
  2. 必修にすべきだと思うから必修にすべきである
  3. 地域の高齢者支援に参加した生徒が、授業では得にくい社会課題への理解を深めたという調査結果があるから Correct answer.
  4. ボランティアという言葉は長いから

Explanation

The strongest reason connects the position to concrete evidence and educational value. A persuasive answer should avoid circular claims and unsupported dismissal of opposing views.

Question 11国語の基礎

古文: 春来たれば、花咲きにけり。ここで ば の働きとして最も近いものはどれか。

  1. 春が来ないなら
  2. 春が来るために
  3. 春が来る前に
  4. 春が来ると Correct answer.

Explanation

In this context, 已然形 plus ば expresses a natural sequence or cause: when spring comes, flowers bloom. The sentence does not state purpose or a negative condition.

Question 12国語の基礎

二つの意見: Aは、キャッシュレス決済は会計を速くし、店舗の混雑を減らすと言う。Bは、災害時に通信が止まると使えない場合があるため、現金を残す必要があると言う。二人の意見の関係として最も適切なものはどれか。

  1. AとBは同じ根拠で同じ結論を述べている
  2. Aは利便性、Bは非常時のリスクに注目している Correct answer.
  3. AもBもキャッシュレス決済を全面的に否定している
  4. Aは災害対策を、Bは混雑緩和だけを述べている

Explanation

A emphasizes efficiency in ordinary shopping, while B points out vulnerability during communication failures. The two views address different evaluation criteria rather than simply agreeing or disagreeing on the same ground.

Question 13国語の基礎

文章: 新しい予約システムでは、利用者が空き状況を自分で確認できる。そのため、電話での問い合わせが減り、職員は相談対応に時間を使えるようになった。 そのため が示す関係として最も適切なものはどれか。

  1. 前の内容と反対の内容を導く
  2. 例を追加する
  3. 前の内容を原因として結果を述べる Correct answer.
  4. 話題をまったく別のものに変える

Explanation

そのため links the self-service reservation feature to the resulting decrease in phone inquiries. It is a cause-and-effect connector.

Question 14国語の基礎

条件整理: ある奨学金は、1年次終了時の成績が上位30%以内、家計基準を満たす、地域活動に年10時間以上参加する、の三条件をすべて満たす学生が申請できる。田中さんは成績上位25%、家計基準内、地域活動12時間である。田中さんについて正しいものはどれか。

  1. 地域活動時間だけが不足している
  2. 家計基準を満たしても成績は関係ない
  3. 成績条件だけを満たさない
  4. 三条件を満たすので申請できる Correct answer.

Explanation

All three required conditions are satisfied: 25% is within the top 30%, the household standard is met, and 12 hours exceeds 10 hours. Harder reading questions often turn on quantifier words like all and within.

Question 15国語の基礎

論説: 筆者は、学校でのタブレット利用は学力を自動的に高めるわけではないと述べる。さらに、教材の目的、教師の発問、学習後の振り返りが設計されて初めて効果が出ると主張している。この主張が前提としている考えはどれか。

  1. 教師の役割は機器導入後になくなる
  2. 道具の効果は使い方や学習設計に左右される Correct answer.
  3. タブレットは学校に一切不要である
  4. 紙の教材は常にデジタル教材より劣る

Explanation

The author's argument assumes that technology is a tool whose value depends on instructional design. The claim is neither anti-tablet nor pro-tablet in a simplistic way.

Question 16数学の基礎

Solve for x: 2x + 3 = 11.

  1. 7
  2. 3
  3. 4 Correct answer.
  4. 5

Explanation

Subtract 3 from both sides to get 2x = 8, then divide by 2. This gives x = 4.

Question 17数学の基礎

The roots of (x - 2)(x + 5) = 0 are 2 and -5. What is their product?

  1. 10
  2. 7
  3. -7
  4. -10 Correct answer.

Explanation

The product of the two roots is 2 times -5, which equals -10. This also matches the constant term of x^2 + 3x - 10.

Question 18数学の基礎

A fair six-sided die is rolled once. What is the probability of rolling an even number?

  1. 1/6
  2. 1/2 Correct answer.
  3. 1/3
  4. 2/3

Explanation

The even outcomes are 2, 4, and 6, so 3 of the 6 equally likely outcomes work. The probability is 3/6 = 1/2.

Question 19数学の基礎

What is the slope of the line passing through (1, 2) and (3, 6)?

  1. 3
  2. 1/2
  3. 2 Correct answer.
  4. 1

Explanation

Slope is change in y divided by change in x. Here, (6 - 2) / (3 - 1) = 4 / 2 = 2.

Question 20数学の基礎

What is log10(1000)?

  1. 10
  2. 100
  3. 2
  4. 3 Correct answer.

Explanation

log10(1000) asks what power of 10 equals 1000. Since 10^3 = 1000, the value is 3.

Question 21数学の基礎

For f(x) = x^2 - 6x + 5, what is the minimum value of f(x)?

  1. 0
  2. -4 Correct answer.
  3. 3
  4. -5

Explanation

Complete the square: x^2 - 6x + 5 = (x - 3)^2 - 4. Since the squared term is at least 0, the minimum value is -4.

Question 22数学の基礎

A bag has 3 red balls and 2 blue balls. If 2 balls are drawn without replacement, what is the probability that both are red?

  1. 1/2
  2. 3/5
  3. 3/10 Correct answer.
  4. 2/5

Explanation

There are C(5,2) = 10 possible pairs and C(3,2) = 3 red-red pairs. The probability is 3/10.

Question 23数学の基礎

What is sin 30 degrees + cos 60 degrees?

  1. 0
  2. 1/2
  3. sqrt(3)/2
  4. 1 Correct answer.

Explanation

sin 30 degrees = 1/2 and cos 60 degrees = 1/2. Their sum is 1.

Question 24数学の基礎

An arithmetic sequence begins 3, 7, 11, .... What is the 10th term?

  1. 35
  2. 39 Correct answer.
  3. 40
  4. 43

Explanation

The common difference is 4, so a_n = 3 + (n - 1)4. For n = 10, a_10 = 3 + 36 = 39.

Question 25数学の基礎

In a class, 40% of students belong to a club, 60% commute by train, and 20% both belong to a club and commute by train. What is the probability that a student belongs to a club given that the student commutes by train?

  1. 1/2
  2. 1/4
  3. 1/3 Correct answer.
  4. 2/3

Explanation

Conditional probability is P(club and train) divided by P(train). That is 0.20 / 0.60 = 1/3.

Question 26数学の基礎

For vectors a = (2, -1) and b = (3, 4), what is a dot b?

  1. 5
  2. 10
  3. -1
  4. 2 Correct answer.

Explanation

The dot product is 2 times 3 plus -1 times 4. That gives 6 - 4 = 2.

Question 27数学の基礎

A data set has a correlation coefficient r = -0.70 between x and y. If every x-value and every y-value is multiplied by 10, what happens to r?

  1. It becomes -7.0
  2. It remains -0.70 Correct answer.
  3. It becomes 0.70
  4. It becomes -0.07

Explanation

Correlation is unchanged by multiplying both variables by positive constants. The units change, but the standardized linear relationship remains r = -0.70.

Question 28数学の基礎

If y = x^3 - 3x, what is dy/dx at x = 2?

  1. 3
  2. 6
  3. 9 Correct answer.
  4. 12

Explanation

The derivative is dy/dx = 3x^2 - 3. At x = 2, this is 3(4) - 3 = 9.

Question 29数学の基礎

Evaluate the definite integral from 0 to 2 of 3x^2 dx.

  1. 4
  2. 6
  3. 7
  4. 8 Correct answer.

Explanation

An antiderivative of 3x^2 is x^3. Evaluating from 0 to 2 gives 2^3 - 0^3 = 8.

Question 30数学の基礎

A sequence is defined by a1 = 2 and a_{n+1} = 3a_n + 1. What is a4?

  1. 64
  2. 67 Correct answer.
  3. 22
  4. 31

Explanation

Compute step by step: a2 = 3(2) + 1 = 7, a3 = 3(7) + 1 = 22, and a4 = 3(22) + 1 = 67. Recurrence questions reward careful indexing.

Question 31数学の基礎

A rectangle is drawn under the parabola y = 12 - x^2, symmetric about the y-axis, with upper corners at (-x, 12 - x^2) and (x, 12 - x^2), where x > 0. What is the maximum area?

  1. 48
  2. 24
  3. 32 Correct answer.
  4. 36

Explanation

The area is A(x) = 2x(12 - x^2) = 24x - 2x^3. A'(x) = 24 - 6x^2, so the maximum occurs at x = 2, giving area 4 times 8 = 32.

Question 32数学の基礎

A machine makes defective parts with probability 0.10 independently for each part. What is the probability that at least one of 5 parts is defective?

  1. 0.50000
  2. 0.10000
  3. 0.32805
  4. 0.40951 Correct answer.

Explanation

Use the complement: no defective parts has probability 0.9^5 = 0.59049. Therefore at least one defective part has probability 1 - 0.59049 = 0.40951.

Question 33English reading foundations

A short passage explains that planting trees around a school lowers summer classroom temperatures, gives students shade, and creates habitats for insects. What is the best main idea?

  1. Classroom temperature is unrelated to school design
  2. Trees can improve the school environment in several ways Correct answer.
  3. Insects should be removed from school grounds
  4. Summer classes should always be canceled

Explanation

The details all support benefits of trees around a school: cooler rooms, shade, and habitats. A main idea should cover all major details without becoming too narrow.

Question 34English reading foundations

Email: I am sorry, but I cannot attend our meeting at 3 p.m. because my train has been delayed. Could we meet at 4 p.m. instead? What is the writer's purpose?

  1. To cancel the project permanently
  2. To complain about a classmate
  3. To ask to change the meeting time Correct answer.
  4. To reserve a train ticket

Explanation

The writer explains a delay and asks to meet at 4 p.m. instead of 3 p.m. The purpose is a schedule change request.

Question 35English reading foundations

Choose the best completion: If I had known about the road construction, I ___ earlier.

  1. will leave
  2. am leaving
  3. leave
  4. would have left Correct answer.

Explanation

If I had known signals a past unreal condition, so the result clause uses would have plus past participle. The complete form is would have left.

Question 36English reading foundations

In the sentence The city will allocate more funds to after-school programs, what does allocate most nearly mean?

  1. waste
  2. distribute Correct answer.
  3. hide
  4. borrow

Explanation

To allocate funds means to assign or distribute money for a particular purpose. The context of city funding points to budgeting.

Question 37English reading foundations

A bus timetable says a bus departs at 8:10 and arrives at 8:45. How long is the trip?

  1. 45 minutes
  2. 55 minutes
  3. 35 minutes Correct answer.
  4. 25 minutes

Explanation

From 8:10 to 8:45 is 35 minutes. Timetable questions require reading the time interval rather than just comparing the hour numbers.

Question 38English reading foundations

A cafe stopped giving discounts for bringing reusable cups because too few customers used them. Instead, it began charging a small fee for disposable cups. After two months, reusable-cup use increased. What can be inferred?

  1. The cafe stopped selling drinks
  2. Reusable cups became illegal
  3. Customers never respond to prices
  4. The fee gave customers a stronger reason to avoid disposable cups Correct answer.

Explanation

The change from a discount to a fee altered incentives, and the reported behavior changed afterward. The inference is that avoiding a fee motivated more reusable-cup use.

Question 39English reading foundations

Choose the sentence that best connects the ideas. Sentence 1: Many students enjoy online videos because they can pause and replay them. Sentence 2: ___, some students learn better when they can ask questions immediately in a classroom.

  1. In addition
  2. However Correct answer.
  3. Therefore
  4. For example

Explanation

The second sentence contrasts an advantage of videos with a reason some students prefer classrooms. However is the best contrast connector.

Question 40English reading foundations

Which sentence is grammatically correct?

  1. Although the heavy rain, the game continued.
  2. Because the heavy rain, the game continued.
  3. Despite the heavy rain, the game continued. Correct answer.
  4. Despite of the heavy rain, the game continued.

Explanation

Despite is followed directly by a noun phrase, so Despite the heavy rain is correct. Although and because require clauses when used this way.

Question 41English reading foundations

A writer says, The new recycling system is not perfect, but early results suggest that residents are willing to separate waste more carefully when instructions are clear. What is the writer's tone?

  1. Unrelated and confused
  2. Angry and dismissive
  3. Completely certain
  4. Cautiously optimistic Correct answer.

Explanation

The writer admits a limitation but sees promising early evidence. That combination is cautious optimism.

Question 42English reading foundations

Survey results: 62% of students want longer library hours, 48% want more online books, and 35% want more group-study rooms. Which statement is best supported?

  1. Longer library hours received the highest support Correct answer.
  2. No students want online books
  3. Most students want more group-study rooms
  4. Online books are the least requested improvement

Explanation

Among the three percentages, 62% is the largest. Therefore, longer library hours have the highest support in the survey.

Question 43English reading foundations

Passage: The art club and the science club planned a joint exhibition. It attracted more visitors than expected. What does It most likely refer to?

  1. The science club only
  2. The joint exhibition Correct answer.
  3. The visitors
  4. The expectation

Explanation

The nearest event that could attract visitors is the joint exhibition. Pronoun-reference questions require checking which noun logically fits the verb.

Question 44English reading foundations

A paragraph says that students should learn how to check sources online because false information spreads quickly, search results are ranked by algorithms, and images can be edited. Which summary is best?

  1. Edited images are always easy to identify
  2. False information spreads only in printed newspapers
  3. Students need digital source-checking skills for several reasons Correct answer.
  4. Search engines should be banned from schools

Explanation

The paragraph gives multiple reasons for source-checking skills: misinformation, algorithms, and edited images. The best summary includes the whole set.

Question 45English reading foundations

Choose the natural phrase: When planning the event, we must ___ the needs of students with disabilities.

  1. put away
  2. make up
  3. look after into
  4. take into account Correct answer.

Explanation

Take into account means consider as an important factor. It fits the context of planning an accessible event.

Question 46English reading foundations

A school claims that online lectures caused test scores to rise because scores were higher in the year online lectures were introduced. Which additional fact would most weaken the claim?

  1. The students in the second year had already scored much higher on entrance tests Correct answer.
  2. Students could watch the lectures more than once
  3. The online lectures included review quizzes
  4. The school used the same grading scale both years

Explanation

If the second-year students were already stronger before the lectures, the score increase may not have been caused by online lectures. This weakens the causal claim by pointing to a confounding difference.

Question 47English reading foundations

A passage argues that bilingual signs in a tourist area should include simple icons, not just translated words, because visitors may not share the same second language. What assumption supports this argument?

  1. Tourists do not need directions
  2. Icons can communicate basic information across language barriers Correct answer.
  3. All visitors read Japanese fluently
  4. Translated words are always longer than Japanese words

Explanation

The argument depends on icons being useful when language knowledge differs. Without that assumption, adding icons would not solve the stated problem.

Question 48理科の基礎

A 2 kg object accelerates at 3 m/s^2. What net force acts on it?

  1. 1.5 N
  2. 5 N
  3. 6 N Correct answer.
  4. 9 N

Explanation

Newton's second law is F = ma. Multiplying 2 kg by 3 m/s^2 gives 6 N.

Question 49理科の基礎

In a typical neutralization reaction, an acid and a base react to form what?

  1. Oxygen and hydrogen only
  2. A metal and carbon dioxide
  3. Glucose and ethanol
  4. Salt and water Correct answer.

Explanation

Neutralization commonly produces a salt and water, such as hydrochloric acid plus sodium hydroxide forming sodium chloride and water. This is a core chemistry pattern.

Question 50理科の基礎

Which cell structure is most directly responsible for producing ATP through cellular respiration in eukaryotic cells?

  1. Mitochondrion Correct answer.
  2. Nucleus
  3. Ribosome
  4. Cell wall

Explanation

Mitochondria carry out key stages of cellular respiration and produce much of the cell's ATP. They are often described as energy-converting organelles.