Fukui Entrance Science flashcards
Fukui Entrance Science · Build recall with a focused review session.
32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.
- Newton's second law
- The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on it and inversely proportional to its mass, written F = ma.
- Conservation of energy
- Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred between stores; the total energy of a closed system remains constant.
- Moment of a force
- The turning effect of a force about a pivot, calculated as force multiplied by the perpendicular distance from the pivot, measured in newton-metres.
- Ohm's law
- For a conductor at constant temperature, the current through it is directly proportional to the voltage across it, so V = IR.
- Parallel circuit
- A circuit in which components are connected across the same voltage; the current splits between branches and total current equals the sum of branch currents.
- Electromagnetic induction
- The generation of a voltage in a conductor when it experiences a changing magnetic field, the principle behind generators and transformers.
- Wave equation
- The speed of a wave equals its frequency multiplied by its wavelength, written v = fλ, with v in metres per second.
- Total internal reflection
- Occurs when light travelling from a denser to a less dense medium hits the boundary beyond the critical angle and is reflected back inside.
- Refraction of light
- The bending of light as it passes from one medium to another because its speed changes; it bends toward the normal entering a denser medium.
- Diffusion
- The net movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to lower concentration, caused by random motion and faster at higher temperatures.
- Filtration
- A separation technique that uses a filter to trap an insoluble solid while allowing a liquid to pass through as the filtrate.
- Fractional distillation
- A separation method for miscible liquids with different boiling points, such as crude oil, using repeated evaporation and condensation in a fractionating column.
- Neutralisation
- The reaction between an acid and a base to produce a salt and water, in which hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions combine to form water.
- Oxidation and reduction
- Oxidation is loss of electrons and reduction is gain of electrons; in terms of oxygen, oxidation is gain and reduction is loss.
- Catalyst
- A substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy, without being used up in the reaction.
- Isotopes
- Atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons, giving different mass numbers but identical chemical properties.
- Ionic bonding
- The electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions, formed when a metal transfers electrons to a non-metal.
- Group in periodic table
- A vertical column of the periodic table whose elements share the same number of outer-shell electrons and therefore similar chemical properties.
- Mitosis
- Cell division producing two genetically identical diploid daughter cells, used for growth, repair and asexual reproduction.
- Dominant allele
- An allele that is expressed in the phenotype even when only one copy is present, masking the effect of a recessive allele.
- Meiosis
- Reduction division producing four haploid gametes with half the chromosome number, creating genetic variation through independent assortment.
- Enzyme
- A protein that acts as a biological catalyst, speeding up reactions such as digestion; each enzyme is specific to a substrate and has an optimum temperature and pH.
- Aerobic respiration
- The breakdown of glucose using oxygen to release energy, producing carbon dioxide and water, and occurring mainly in mitochondria.
- Kidney function
- The kidneys filter blood to remove urea and excess water and salts, producing urine and helping to control water balance in the body.
- Photosynthesis
- The process in which plants use light energy and chlorophyll to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen.
- Transpiration
- The loss of water vapour from leaves through stomata, which pulls water up the xylem and is faster in warm, dry, windy conditions.
- Food chain
- A sequence showing the transfer of energy from a producer to consumers, with arrows pointing in the direction of energy flow.
- Law of superposition
- In undisturbed sedimentary rock layers, lower strata are older than the layers above them, allowing relative dating of rocks and fossils.
- Index fossil
- A fossil of a species that lived over a wide area for a short geological time, used to identify and correlate rock layers.
- Igneous rock
- Rock formed when molten magma or lava cools and solidifies; slow cooling underground produces large crystals, rapid cooling on the surface produces small crystals.
- Atmospheric composition
- Earth's atmosphere is about 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, with small amounts of argon, carbon dioxide and water vapour.
- Cause of the seasons
- Earth's seasons result from the tilt of its axis, about 23.5 degrees, which changes the angle and duration of sunlight through the year.