Kagoshima Entrance English flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Second value rule

In listening tasks, when a speaker states a number, time, or price and then corrects it with actually, sorry, or I mean, the corrected second value is the answer.

Distractor by word matching

A listening or reading option that repeats a word heard in the audio but answers a different question; shared vocabulary alone never confirms the correct choice.

-teen versus -ty stress

Numbers ending in -teen carry stress on the second syllable (thirteen), while -ty numbers stress the first (thirty); this stress difference is the main way listeners distinguish them.

Question-audio order

In dialogue and monologue listening sections, questions appear in the same order as the information in the audio, so a missed item should be dropped rather than revisited.

Rising tag intonation

A statement followed by a rising tag such as right? or isn't it? asks the listener to confirm existing information rather than introducing a new fact.

Main idea versus detail

A main-idea option must cover the whole passage; an option that is factually true but describes only one sentence is a detail distractor.

Pronoun reference resolution

For questions about it, they, or this, choose the nearest preceding noun phrase that agrees in number and produces a logically sensible sentence.

Negative question strategy

For NOT-true or EXCEPT questions, test each option against the passage and eliminate the three that are supported, leaving the unsupported one.

Dialogue completion test

A missing line must both answer the preceding utterance's function and set up the following response's assumption; a line satisfying only one side is wrong.

Forced inference rule

An inference answer must be required by the text; if it depends on background knowledge the passage never supplies, it is not supported.

Head noun agreement

The verb agrees with the head noun of the subject, not with an intervening phrase: the number of students is, but a number of students are.

Tense sequence rule

A past reporting verb normally takes past subordination (he said he was tired), except for universal truths or still-relevant present facts.

Participle choice rule

Use the present participle for active or ongoing meaning and the past participle for passive or completed meaning in reduced clauses and after nouns.

Subjunctive after demand verbs

After demand, insist, suggest, and request, the that-clause takes the base verb regardless of subject or tense: she insisted that he leave.

Third conditional form

If + had + past participle in the condition with would have + past participle in the result expresses an unreal past situation and its imagined outcome.

Parallel comparative structure

The + comparative, the + comparative links two changes that occur together, as in the more you practice, the better you become.

Preposition-dependent verbs

Verbs such as depend on, consist of, result in, result from, and apologize for must be memorized with their fixed prepositions because the particle changes meaning.

Affect versus effect

Affect is normally a verb meaning to influence, while effect is normally a noun meaning a result; mixing the two is a frequent entrance-exam trap.

Lend versus borrow

Lend means to give something temporarily to someone, while borrow means to receive something temporarily; the direction of transfer decides the choice.

Raise versus rise

Raise is transitive and needs an object (raise prices), while rise is intransitive and takes no object (prices rise); the same split applies to lay and lie.

Phrasal verb particle shift

The particle changes a phrasal verb's meaning: turn up means arrive, turn down means refuse, turn out means result, and turn into means become.

Part-of-speech blank test

The blank's grammatical position decides the word family: after an article or before a noun an adjective is needed, and after a subject a verb is needed.

Four-paragraph essay frame

A standard opinion essay uses an introduction with a thesis, two body paragraphs each holding one reason and one example, and a conclusion restating the opinion without new arguments.

Topic sentence first

Each body paragraph opens with a topic sentence stating its single point, followed by support and a linking sentence; this makes the argument easy for a rater to follow.

Transition function sets

Sequence uses first, second, finally; contrast uses however, on the other hand; consequence uses therefore, as a result; illustration uses for example, for instance.

Prompt coverage requirement

In guided writing, every point supplied in the prompt or notes must appear in the answer, because unused points are deducted as missing content.

Sentence variety scoring

Writing is rated partly on variety, so answers should mix simple, compound, and complex sentences instead of repeating one pattern throughout.

Paragraph-order question mapping

In longer passages, questions follow paragraph order, so the answer to a later question lies further down the text than the answer to an earlier one.

Information transfer checking

For tables, notices, and schedules, match the question's condition to a cell and verify units, dates, and qualifiers such as members only or weekdays only.

Vocabulary in context substitution

For vocabulary-in-context items, insert each option into the original sentence and keep only the one that preserves the surrounding logic and tone.

Cross-text synthesis check

A both-passages question requires one supporting line from each text; an option supported by only one passage does not satisfy the question.

Register and addressee matching

In situational tasks, the response must fit both the relationship (teacher versus friend) and the medium (email versus announcement), using matching politeness and format.