Kumamoto Entrance English flashcards
Kumamoto Entrance English · Build recall with a focused review session.
32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.
- Main idea
- The central point covering the whole passage, not one paragraph's detail. The correct option must be supported by every section, while narrower true statements are distractors.
- Pronoun reference
- The noun phrase a pronoun replaces. To resolve it, scan backward for the nearest preceding noun that matches in number and fits the sentence meaning.
- Inference item
- A question asking what the passage implies rather than states. The answer must follow logically from the text; options needing outside knowledge are wrong.
- Signal words
- Words such as however, therefore, and for example that mark contrast, conclusion, or support. They show how sentences connect and where answers usually lie.
- Subject-verb agreement
- The verb matches its subject in number. Phrases between them, as in the bag of books is, do not change the verb's form.
- Tense backshift
- In reported speech after a past main verb, tenses move back: is becomes was, will becomes would, and has becomes had.
- Relative pronouns
- Who refers to people, which to things, that to both in defining clauses, whose shows possession, and where marks place.
- Third conditional
- If plus past perfect, then would have plus past participle. It describes an unreal past situation and its imagined result.
- Gerund after certain verbs
- Verbs like enjoy, finish, avoid, and mind take an -ing form, not an infinitive, as their object.
- Comparative forms
- Use -er or more for two items and -est or most for three or more. Never mark twice, so more better is incorrect.
- Affect versus effect
- Affect is usually a verb meaning to influence; effect is usually a noun meaning a result. Choose by the sentence slot.
- Fixed collocations
- Word partners that native usage fixes, such as take part in, pay attention to, make a decision, and keep a promise.
- Preposition partners
- Adjectives and verbs pair with set prepositions: interested in, good at, afraid of, depend on, similar to, according to.
- Phrasal verb: put off
- To postpone something. Related forms include turn up for appear, turn down for refuse, and give up for quit.
- Borrow versus lend
- Borrow means to take something temporarily; lend means to give it temporarily. The direction of the object decides which verb fits.
- Countable and uncountable
- Countable nouns take many and few; uncountable nouns such as information, advice, and furniture take much and little.
- Topic sentence
- The sentence stating a paragraph's main point, usually first. Supporting sentences give reasons or examples, and a closing sentence wraps up.
- Thesis statement
- A single sentence in the introduction stating the essay's central claim. Body paragraphs support it, and the conclusion restates it.
- Contrast linking words
- Connectors such as however, on the other hand, and although that signal an opposing idea between sentences or clauses.
- Sentence combining
- Joining short sentences with relative clauses, participial phrases, or conjunctions to add variety while keeping the original meaning.
- Formal essay register
- Academic writing avoids contractions, slang, and direct address with you, and uses passive voice only when the doer is unknown or unimportant.
- Corrected numbers
- In listening dialogues, a number, time, or price is often stated once and then corrected; the later mention is normally the answer.
- Discourse markers in listening
- Words like actually, however, and by the way signal a change of plan or the key information the question asks about.
- Minimal pairs
- Word pairs differing in one sound, such as thirteen and thirty or walk and work, tested to check precise sound discrimination.
- Direction sequence words
- Terms such as turn left, go straight, next to, and across from that mark route steps; tracking them in order locates the place.
- Speaker intention
- The function of an utterance, such as request, apology, suggestion, or refusal, which dialogue items often ask you to identify.
- Japanese particle mapping
- は marks topic, が subject, を object, に direction or time, で place or means, and と quotation or accompaniment in English structure.
- Explicit subject rule
- English sentences require a stated subject where Japanese often omits it. Supply I, you, it, or they when translating into English.
- Summary length target
- A summary is usually about one-quarter to one-third of the original, so a 100-word passage becomes roughly 25 to 35 words.
- Meaning-unit translation
- Translating by phrase meaning rather than word by word, then reordering into natural English subject-verb-object structure.
- Reported speech in summaries
- Summaries shift to third person and past tense, except for general truths, which keep the present tense.
- Proper noun precision
- Names, numbers, and technical terms must be translated exactly as given; never round figures or paraphrase proper nouns in translation tasks.