Wakayama Prefectural Public High School Entrance Examination - English flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Second speaker answers

In short listening and reading dialogues, the response to a wh-question appears in the second speaker's turn; the first speaker only sets the situation.

Correction cue words

Words like actually, instead, but, and not signal that a stated plan or number is being changed, so the earlier option becomes a distractor.

Direction vocabulary for maps

Go straight, turn left at the second corner, next to, across from, between, and opposite are the phrases that locate a place in map-listening tasks.

Digit capture for numbers

Times, prices, and dates are heard once, so write digits as spoken and match them to options afterward instead of holding them in memory.

Paraphrase beats repetition

A wrong option often repeats a word heard in the audio, while the correct option restates the same meaning with different words.

All-conditions rule for notices

In sign and notice questions, the correct option must satisfy every stated condition; meeting only one condition makes an option wrong.

Pronoun reference resolution

It, they, and this refer to the nearest preceding noun phrase that agrees in number and makes sense with the verb.

Answer the question asked

When two options are both true according to the passage, choose the one that directly answers the question, not the merely mentioned fact.

Emotion and intention clues

Adjectives and adverbs such as glad, sorry, surprised, and reluctantly reveal a speaker's feeling, which fact-only options fail to capture.

Timeline before options

For time-order items, list events with markers like first, then, after that, and before, then compare the sequence to each option.

Topic sentence position

In English expository paragraphs, the main idea usually appears in the first or second sentence and is restated at the end.

Checklist elimination method

Convert each condition in a retrieval task into a yes/no check and eliminate options that fail any single condition.

Cause before effect

In English expository prose, the cause clause typically precedes the effect, marked by because, so, therefore, or as a result.

Writer's purpose answer set

Purpose questions are answered with a small fixed set: to inform, to persuade, to explain how, to warn, or to invite.

Extreme words signal wrong options

Options containing all, always, only, or must are usually too strong to be supported and are commonly incorrect.

Subject-verb agreement with insertions

Phrases like with, together with, and of do not change the verb; a singular subject still takes the -s form in the present tense.

Tense backshift rule

When the main clause is past, the subordinate clause normally shifts back: is becomes was, will becomes would, has becomes had.

Article choice by sound

Use a before consonant sounds and an before vowel sounds, so an hour and a university follow sound, not spelling.

Time prepositions in, on, at

Use in for months, years, and seasons; on for days and dates; at for clock times and fixed expressions like at night.

Gerund versus infinitive verbs

Want, decide, and hope take to plus a verb; enjoy, finish, and stop take the -ing form; stop to do means pause in order to do.

Uncountable nouns take singular verbs

Information, advice, news, and furniture are uncountable, so they take singular verbs and much or little rather than many or few.

Indirect question word order

In embedded questions, use statement order: Do you know where he lives, never where does he live.

Frequency adverb placement

Adverbs such as always and usually go before the main verb but after the verb be: she always walks, she is always late.

Correlative conjunction frames

Fixed pairs keep their order and partners: too ... to, so ... that, such a ... that, not only ... but also, and either ... or.

Place and time phrase order

English usually orders modifiers as manner, then place, then time, so the time phrase tends to come last in the sentence.

Relative clause position

A relative clause follows the noun it modifies immediately, and informal English allows a preposition at the end, as in the house he lives in.

Content points earn credit

Composition scoring rewards each required prompt element, so omitting one content point lowers the score regardless of grammatical accuracy.

Four-part paragraph structure

A short opinion paragraph states the opinion, gives two supporting reasons or examples, and closes with a concluding sentence.

Linking words for logic

First, also, for example, however, so, and in conclusion make the relationship between ideas visible to the reader.

Japanese verb comes last

Japanese places the verb at the end of the sentence, so identify it first and then build the English subject-verb-object order.

Particle to structure mapping

Japanese particles map to English roles: は and が mark the subject, を the object, に to or at, で by, at, or with, and の possession.

Meaning units not words

Translate chunks of meaning rather than single words, since expressions like よろしくお願いします have no one-to-one English equivalent.