CDACC Hairdressing cheat sheet

Hazard categories in a salon: biological (blood, fungi, bacteria), chemical (colour, bleach, relaxer, acetone), physical (heat, sharp tools, slips), ergonomic (prolonged standing, wrist strain), and psychosocial (client aggression, lone working).

Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS/SDS) must be available for every chemical product in the salon; it lists hazards, first-aid measures, spill handling, and required PPE.

Disinfection vs sterilisation: disinfection kills most pathogens on surfaces and tools; sterilisation destroys all micro-organisms including spores and is required for items that pierce skin.

Tools that contact blood or broken skin are single-use or must be cleaned then sterilised; non-critical tools such as combs and clips are cleaned and disinfected between clients.

Standard PPE: disposable gloves for colouring, relaxing and shampooing; apron for chemical work; goggles for mixing or when a splash risk exists; mask when mixing powders or using aerosols.

Wet floors are the leading slip hazard; spill procedure is to barricade the area, absorb the liquid, clean with disinfectant, then dry before reopening the zone.

Electrical safety: no appliances near water sources, test Residual Current Device (RCD) protection regularly, and tag or withdraw damaged cords from service immediately.

Fire safety: extinguisher types are water (Class A), foam (A/B), CO2 and dry powder (electrical); know the evacuation route and assembly point and keep exits unobstructed.

Waste segregation: chemical waste and sharps go into designated containers; contaminated single-use items go into clinical or hazardous waste, not general refuse.

The appointment book records client name, contact number, service, stylist, start time, and estimated duration; double bookings are avoided by checking stylist availability before confirming.

Booking duration rules of thumb: haircut 30–45 minutes, colour 90–180 minutes, relaxer 60–120 minutes, braiding 2–8 hours; overruns must be rebooked, not compressed.

The reception opening checklist covers lighting, ventilation, cleanliness of waiting area, reception desk tidy, appointment book reviewed, and cash float counted.

Client records must be stored confidentially and only accessed by staff with a legitimate need, in line with data-protection principles.

Telephone protocol: answer within three rings, greet with salon name and own name, confirm details by repeating them back, and record the booking before ending the call.

Petty cash and till reconciliation: record every transaction, balance the till at close, and report discrepancies to the supervisor the same day.

Cancellation and no-show policy is explained at booking and recorded; deposits are applied consistently to all clients to avoid discrimination claims.

Reception stock control: retail products are rotated first-in-first-out, low-stock items are logged, and expired products are removed from display.

Consultation sequence: greet, establish rapport, ask about hair history, assess scalp and hair condition, identify the client's goal, explain options and cost, obtain consent, then record.

Patch test is required at least 48 hours before first application of oxidative colour or any product containing paraphenylenediamine (PPD); the result is recorded in the client record.

Strand test determines processing time and outcome on the client's own hair before a full chemical service; it is mandatory when hair history is unknown or compromised.

Contraindications to chemical services: open scalp wounds, active scalp infection, recent henna or metallic salt colour, hair in the last trimester of pregnancy where the client declines, and known product allergy.

Hair porosity is assessed by feel and float test: low porosity resists moisture and takes longer to process; high porosity absorbs fast and loses moisture quickly, so lower-strength formulas are used.

Hair density, texture, length and elasticity are recorded; elasticity is tested by stretching a wet strand - it should stretch about 30% and return without breaking.

Informed consent records the service, products, risks, alternatives, and the client's signature; it protects both client and salon if a reaction occurs.

Client confidentiality covers health information, images, and contact details; photographs require written permission and are never posted without it.

Shampoo selection rules: normal hair uses mild surfactant shampoo; oily hair uses clarifying or sebum-control formulas; dry or chemically treated hair uses sulphate-free, moisturising formulas.

Water temperature for shampooing is warm (about 37–40°C); hot water strips sebum and aggravates scalp conditions, cold water does not cleanse effectively.

Scalp massage techniques: effleurage, petrissage and friction; massage follows the direction of hair growth and avoids pressure on temples and areas of inflammation.

Conditioner is applied mid-length to ends, not the scalp, unless the product is a scalp-specific treatment; it is rinsed thoroughly to prevent build-up and dullness.

Scalp conditions to refer: ringworm (tinea capitis), impetigo, severe seborrhoeic dermatitis, lice, and unexplained lesions or bleeding require medical referral, not salon treatment.

Dandruff is treated with anti-fungal actives such as zinc pyrithione, ketoconazole or selenium sulphide; the product must remain on the scalp for the manufacturer's stated contact time.

Shampooing contraindications: recent chemical burn, scalp sutures, and active infection; the service is postponed and the client referred.

Record the shampoo, conditioner, and treatment products used plus any scalp observation, so the next stylist can compare and adapt.

Cutting angles: 0° creates a solid form (one-length), 45° creates a graduated form, 90° creates a uniform layer, and 180° creates a long-layered form with increased volume.

Elevation and overdirection control weight distribution; tension and section size determine whether the cut falls cleanly or shows step lines.

Blunt cutting creates a strong perimeter; point cutting softens ends; slithering and slicing remove weight without a visible line; notching adds texture.

Face shape guidance: oval suits most cuts; round benefits from height on top and length below the jaw; square is softened by layers around the jaw; heart benefits from volume at the jawline.

Razor cutting suits soft, textured styles but is avoided on very curly or fine hair where it causes frizz and split ends.

Styling tools: blow-dryer with concentrator for smooth finish, diffuser for curl definition, flat iron at 180°C or below for fine or coloured hair, and heat protectant always applied first.

Sectioning for a blow-dry follows the cut's shape: horizontal sections build volume, vertical sections build direction, and diagonal sections blend.

Sanitation: combs and clips disinfected between clients; blades and clippers cleaned and oiled after each use; neck strips changed per client.

The colour wheel: primary colours are red, yellow and blue; secondary are orange, green and violet; complementary colours neutralise - violet cancels yellow, blue cancels orange, green cancels red.

Developer (hydrogen peroxide) volumes: 10 vol (3%) deposits only, 20 vol (6%) lifts 1–2 levels, 30 vol (9%) lifts 2–3 levels, 40 vol (12%) lifts 3–4 levels and carries the highest scalp irritation risk.

Oxidative (permanent) colour uses a developer and lifts plus deposits; semi-permanent colour deposits only and fades over 6–12 shampoos; temporary colour sits on the cuticle.

The strand test and patch test are both mandatory before a first permanent colour; the patch test is done 48 hours in advance.

Lightening stages: black to dark brown to red to red-orange to orange to yellow-orange to yellow to pale yellow; the target stage determines achievable results.

Bleach mixing follows manufacturer ratio exactly; metal tools are never used because they catalyse unwanted reactions, and bleach must not be stored mixed.

Timing starts when application is complete, not at the first stroke; root retouch is applied last on lengths to avoid over-processing previously coloured hair.

Colour correction principles: remove unwanted tone with the complementary colour, fill missing underlying pigment before re-darkening, and never apply lightener over metallic salts.

A perm is a two-step process: the reducing agent breaks disulphide bonds in the cortex, then the neutraliser rebuilds them in the new shape.

Standard perm lotion is ammonium thioglycolate at pH around 9.0–9.6; an acid perm works at pH 6.5–7.0 with heat activation and is gentler on the scalp.

Relaxers use sodium hydroxide (lye, pH 12–14), lithium hydroxide, or guanidine hydroxide (no-lye); they break bonds to straighten curl pattern and require a base cream to protect the scalp.

Processing time depends on hair porosity, texture, and product strength; the manufacturer's maximum time is never exceeded, and the hair is checked every few minutes.

Relaxer application order: scalp protection, then mid-lengths to ends, then new growth last; a virgin relaxer is applied mid-length to ends first, then the scalp area, within the total time.

Neutraliser must be applied thoroughly and left for the full contact time; incomplete neutralisation leaves the hair weak and prone to breakage.

Contraindications: metallic salt or henna history, recent bleach, damaged or broken hair, open scalp lesions, and pregnancy where the client declines chemical exposure.

A relaxer retouch touches only new growth (about 1 cm); overlapping previously relaxed hair causes over-processing and breakage.

Extension types: clip-in (temporary, reusable), tape-in (2–3 months), bonded or fusion (3–6 months), micro-link or I-tip (3–4 months), and sewn-in weave (6–8 weeks before tightening).

Hair for extensions is graded by origin and cuticle alignment; cuticle-aligned (Remy) hair tangles less and lasts longer than non-Remy hair.

Traction alopecia results from tight braids, heavy extensions, or prolonged tension on the hairline; prevention is to braid with even, moderate tension and rotate styles.

Before braiding, hair is cleansed, conditioned and fully dried; damp braiding encourages mildew and scalp irritation.

Section size determines braid type: box braids use square sections, cornrows follow natural growth patterns, and knotless braids feed in hair gradually to reduce tension.

Scalp care during protective styles: cleanse the scalp weekly with diluted shampoo or a scalp cleanser, moisturise the braids, and keep edges protected at night with a satin scarf.

Removal rules: never cut extensions at the scalp, dissolve bonded extensions with the manufacturer's remover, and detangle gently from ends to roots.

After removal, hair is deep-conditioned and assessed for breakage, thinning, or traction damage before any new service is booked.

Break-even point = fixed costs ÷ (price per service − variable cost per service); this is the minimum number of services needed before the salon makes profit.

Gross profit = revenue − cost of goods sold; net profit = gross profit − operating expenses (rent, wages, utilities, marketing).

Pricing methods: cost-plus (cost plus a markup), competitive (benchmarked to local salons), and value-based (priced on client-perceived worth); a salon typically mixes all three.

A service menu states service, duration, price, and any add-ons; clear menus reduce disputes and increase average ticket through add-on sales.

Retail selling follows the consultation: recommend only products that address the client's diagnosed need, explain how to use them, and never pressure.

Client retention is measured by rebooking rate; a salon that rebooks at least 60–70% of clients has a stable revenue base.

Customer complaint handling: listen fully, apologise for the experience, investigate, offer a remedy within policy, record the outcome, and follow up.

Legal basics for a salon business: business registration, tax registration, employee contracts, public liability insurance, and compliance with local health and safety regulations.

Professional ethics in hairdressing: honesty about what a service can achieve, informed consent, confidentiality, non-discrimination, and refusing services outside one's competence.

Scope of practice: a hairdresser does not diagnose or treat medical scalp or skin conditions; suspected conditions are referred to a medical professional.

Communication model: sender, message, channel, receiver, feedback; barriers include noise, jargon, language, and assumptions, and are removed by checking understanding.

Active listening behaviours: maintaining eye contact, nodding, paraphrasing, asking open questions, and not interrupting.

Non-verbal communication includes posture, facial expression, tone, and touch; in a salon, touch must be explained before it happens and consent sought.

Conflict resolution steps: stay calm, separate the person from the problem, clarify the facts, agree an action, and document the outcome.

Employability skills sought by salons: punctuality, personal grooming, teamwork, willingness to learn, customer focus, and basic numeracy and literacy.

Confidentiality and social media: client images, names, and service details are never shared without written consent, and staff social accounts must not identify clients.

Greeting and needs analysis come before any service; the consultation form records hair history, products used, allergies, and the agreed outcome.

A patch test is applied to the inner elbow or behind the ear 48 hours before the first oxidative colour; a positive result (redness, swelling, itching) cancels the service.

Strand tests record the formula, processing time, and result, giving the stylist a reliable reference for the full application.

Elasticity, porosity, and density assessments determine product strength and processing time; compromised hair is treated before chemical work.

Informed consent must be written for chemical services, extensions, and any service with a foreseeable risk.

Referral triggers: scalp lesions, persistent itching, sudden hair loss, and signs of infection are referred to a doctor; the salon service is deferred.

Client records are retained securely for the period required by local law and are available only to staff providing the service.

Risk assessment is a five-step process: identify hazards, decide who may be harmed and how, evaluate risks and controls, record findings, and review and update.

Hierarchy of control: eliminate, substitute, engineering controls, administrative controls, then PPE as the last line of defence.

COSHH-type chemical safety practice: store chemicals in labelled original containers, never decant into drinks bottles, and keep the SDS accessible.

First-aid kit contents for a salon include gloves, sterile dressings, eye wash, burns gel, and a accident record book; a trained first-aider is named on the rota.

Ergonomic controls: adjustable chairs and basins, anti-fatigue mats, regular position changes, and correct cutting posture to prevent back and wrist injury.

Accident and incident reporting is mandatory; the record includes date, time, people involved, what happened, treatment given, and the signature of the person reporting.

The four basic cut forms are solid (0°), graduated (45°), uniform layer (90°), and long layer (180°); each form has a predictable weight line.

A guide line (section) is the reference length; the first section sets the pattern for the whole cut, so it is checked before proceeding.

Cross-checking the cut at 90° to the original section reveals unevenness; it is done before the final blow-dry.

Texturising tools: thinning shears remove bulk, razors create softness, and clippers create clean outlines and fades.

Heat styling safety: keep the dryer moving, test iron temperature on tissue paper, and never place hot tools on a trolley near chemicals.

Client home-care advice is part of the service: recommend the correct shampoo, heat protectant, and styling method for the cut.

The law of colour: colour does not lighten colour; pre-lightening is needed to go lighter than the natural level.

Underlying pigment exposed during lightening: level 10 pale yellow, 9 yellow, 8 yellow-orange, 7 orange, 6 red-orange, 5 red, 4 red-brown, 3 dark brown, 2 black.

Mixing ratio for permanent colour is typically 1:1 with 20 vol, 1:1.5 or 1:2 depending on the manufacturer; the stated ratio is never altered.

Semi-permanent colour is applied to shampooed, towel-dried hair; permanent colour is applied to dry, unwashed hair unless the manufacturer states otherwise.

Grey coverage requires a natural (N) series base; 100% grey needs a base within two levels of the target, and resistant grey benefits from a pre-softening step.

Safety: gloves always, ventilation on, no eating or drinking in the colour area, and leftover colour is never returned to the original bottle.

Perm tool choices: perm rods of different diameters set the curl size; the larger the rod, the looser the resulting curl.

Perm winding patterns: straight, spiral, and croquinole (brick) winding change the direction and volume of the resulting curl.

Perm lotion processing is checked by a test curl; once the desired curl is formed, the lotion is rinsed thoroughly before neutralising.

Neutraliser contact time is usually 5–10 minutes; the hair is then rinsed and the curl is set before styling.

Relaxer strength selection: mild for fine or colour-treated hair, regular for medium, super for coarse resistant hair; strength is never increased to speed up processing.

Chemical burn management: rinse immediately with cool water, do not neutralise with acid, cover with a sterile dressing, and refer to a medical professional if skin is broken.

Braid types: box braids (square sections, three-strand), cornrows (flat, along the scalp), twists (two-strand), faux locs, and knotless braids (feed-in technique).

Weave types: full sew-in, partial sew-in, closure or frontal installs, and bonded tracks; each has a different maintenance schedule.

Hair preparation before braiding includes a protein treatment if hair is weak, a moisturising deep condition, and complete drying.

Extension hair quantity: roughly 6–8 packs for full box braids, 2–3 packs for a partial weave; quantity depends on length and density.

Traction alopecia warning signs: bumps at the hairline, tenderness, and thinning edges; the style is loosened or removed immediately.

Aftercare advice: sleep on satin, cleanse the scalp weekly, moisturise every 2–3 days, and avoid leaving a style in longer than 8 weeks.

Cash flow management: track money in and out weekly, keep a cash reserve for at least one month of fixed costs, and separate business and personal accounts.

Marketing mix (7Ps for services): product, price, place, promotion, people, process, and physical evidence.

A unique selling proposition (USP) states what the salon offers that nearby competitors do not, such as a specialist service or extended hours.

Client feedback tools include comment cards, online reviews, and post-service follow-up messages; negative feedback is handled within 48 hours.

Staff rota planning balances peak demand (evenings, weekends) with labour cost; overstaffing at quiet times erodes profit.

Record-keeping requirements: daily takings, stock purchases, wages, tax records, and client records; records are retained for the period required by local tax law.

Ethical decision test: is it legal, is it honest, would the client consent if fully informed, and would the salon defend it publicly?

Professional boundaries: personal problems are not discussed with clients, gifts and loans are refused, and relationships remain professional.

Communication in consultation uses open questions (what, how) to gather information and closed questions (yes/no) to confirm decisions.

Grievance and disciplinary procedures follow the employment contract and local labour law; verbal warnings precede written warnings and dismissal.

Continuing professional development (CPD) keeps skills current; salons record training attended, certificates earned, and new techniques learned.

Teamwork behaviours: punctuality, covering colleagues' clients when needed, sharing product knowledge, and keeping communal areas clean.

The appointment book is the salon's operational backbone; every entry includes client contact, service, stylist, duration, and any deposit taken.

Client record cards hold contact details, service history, formulas, patch test dates, and preferences; they are updated after every visit.

Reception handles walk-ins by checking stylist availability and offering the next available slot rather than squeezing clients in.

Payment handling: count change back to the client, issue a receipt, and record the payment method for reconciliation.

Retail display follows the client journey: place take-home products near the till and recommend at checkout based on the service performed.

Emergency reception procedure: call the emergency number, give the salon address, clear the area, and follow the salon's evacuation plan.

Shampooing procedure: wet hair thoroughly, apply shampoo to the scalp, massage with fingertips, rinse, repeat only if the hair is very soiled, then condition.

Shampoo is diluted with a little water for the first lather on heavily soiled hair; the second lather cleanses more deeply.

Conditioning types: surface conditioner (temporary), penetrating conditioner (protein or moisture, 10–20 minutes), and leave-in conditioner (no rinse).

Protein versus moisture balance: hair that snaps when wet needs protein; hair that stretches and feels mushy needs moisture.

Scalp massage increases blood circulation and sebum distribution; it is avoided on inflamed or broken skin.

Basin hygiene: the basin is disinfected between clients, the spray head is cleaned, and the neck rest is wiped after each shampoo.

Sectioning patterns: horseshoe, radial, and horizontal sections; the pattern is chosen to match the desired form and the client's hair growth pattern.

A blunt cut is checked by combing the hair straight down and confirming a level line; the nape is cut first in most solid forms.

Clipper work: guards determine length, the blade is kept flat to the head, and the fade is blended with the corner of the blade.

Blow-dry technique: rough-dry to 80%, then section and use a round brush with tension; the nozzle points down the hair shaft to smooth the cuticle.

Curling iron technique: wrap hair away from the face for a natural fall, hold for the manufacturer's time, and release the curl without pulling.

Client safety: guard against burns by testing tool temperature, keeping cords clear of the chair, and never leaving a hot tool unattended.

Colour selection: identify the natural level, the target level, the underlying pigment, and the percentage of grey before choosing a formula.

Deciding developer strength: choose the lowest volume that achieves the target lift to minimise scalp irritation and damage.

Foiling techniques: full head, partial (T-section, half-head), babylights, and balayage; each creates a different placement and grow-out pattern.

Toning after lightening neutralises unwanted warmth; the toner is applied to shampooed, towel-dried hair and processed for 5–20 minutes.

Colour removal: a colour remover shrinks dye molecules and is gentler than bleach; bleach is used only when the target requires lightening.

Allergy signs during service: itching, burning, swelling, or rash - stop, remove product, rinse, and refer to medical help if breathing is affected.

Perm sectioning and blocking: hair is divided into panelled sections sized to the rod; the subsection is no wider or thicker than the rod.

End papers protect the hair ends during winding and prevent fishhook ends.

Perm aftercare: no shampooing for 48 hours, use sulphate-free shampoo, and avoid heat styling for the first week.

Relaxer processing check: smoothing with the back of the comb, not the teeth, and never combing through to the scalp during processing.

Relaxer neutralising shampoo is left on for the full time and repeated if the manufacturer requires; residual alkali causes continued processing and breakage.

Both perms and relaxers require a strand test and patch test before the first application, and a record of the formula and timing.

Extension attachment methods: sew-in with a braided base, bonding with keratin glue, micro-links, tape, and clip-ins; each has a different removal method.

A weave foundation braid pattern (such as a beehive or cornrow base) determines the flatness and security of the install.

Hair density and length determine the number of packs; a longer or fuller style requires more hair than a short bob.

Tension testing: the client should feel firm support, not pain; if the scalp is white or puckered, the braid is too tight.

Cleaning extensions: use a sulphate-free shampoo diluted in water, apply to the scalp with a nozzle bottle, and rinse thoroughly without rubbing the braids.

Extension removal is booked as a service; rushing removal causes breakage and scalp injury.

Start-up costs for a salon include rent deposit, fit-out, equipment, initial stock, licences, insurance, and working capital for the first three months.

Service pricing must cover product cost, labour time, overhead allocation, and profit margin; underpricing is the most common cause of salon failure.

Average ticket value = total revenue ÷ number of clients served; raising it through add-ons is cheaper than acquiring new clients.

Client acquisition cost = marketing spend ÷ new clients gained; it is compared with the lifetime value of a client to judge marketing effectiveness.

Loyalty schemes and referral discounts increase retention but must be budgeted as a cost, not treated as free.

Customer relations recovery: a client who complains and is well handled can become more loyal than one who never complained.

A CV for a salon role lists qualifications, practical skills (cutting, colouring, braiding), any portfolio, and referees; it is kept to one or two pages.

Interview preparation: research the salon, prepare examples of client care, and bring a portfolio of work and certificates.

Telephone and written communication with clients follows salon tone: courteous, clear, and free of jargon the client may not understand.

Feedback is received professionally by listening, asking for specifics, and agreeing an improvement action rather than defending.

Time management: arrive before the first client, allow set-up time, and build buffer time between chemical services.

Workplace rights and responsibilities: safe working conditions, fair pay, training, and the duty to follow salon policies and report hazards.

Personal hygiene controls: handwashing before and after every client, short clean nails, hair tied back, and no jewellery that can trap product or scratch a client.

Cross-infection routes in a salon: direct contact (skin to skin), indirect contact (tools, towels), droplet (coughing), and airborne (aerosols from sprays).

Single-use items include nail files, spatulas, neck strips, and gloves; reusable items are cleaned, disinfected, and stored dry in a closed container.

Ventilation requirements: extraction at colour stations, open windows where possible, and no aerosol sprays near clients with respiratory conditions.

Hazardous substance storage: cool, dry, locked cupboard, away from heat and sunlight, with oxidisers separated from flammable products.

Manual handling: bend the knees, keep the load close, and use a trolley for heavy stock; never lift a client without assistance.

The consultation is documented on a client record card and signed by the client where a chemical service is agreed.

Hair history questions cover previous colour, bleach, perms, relaxers, henna, heat damage, medication, and recent salon services.

The client's lifestyle affects the recommendation: time available for styling, exercise frequency, and willingness to use home-care products.

Expectation management: explain realistic outcomes, maintenance intervals, and cost before starting; this prevents most complaints.

Vulnerable clients, including minors, pregnant clients, and those with medical conditions, require extra care and documented consent.

After the service, check the client's satisfaction, explain home care, and rebook before they leave the salon.

The scalp has three zones of sensitivity: the hairline, the nape, and behind the ears; massage pressure is reduced in these areas.

Water pressure and temperature are checked on the wrist before applying to the client's scalp.

Detangling starts at the ends and works upward, using a wide-tooth comb on wet hair to prevent breakage.

Deep-conditioning treatments are applied section by section, combed through, and processed under heat or a cap for the stated time.

Scalp exfoliation removes product build-up and dead skin; it is avoided on sensitive or broken scalps.

Towel drying is done by blotting, not rubbing, to protect the cuticle before styling.

The client's hair growth pattern, cowlicks, and parting determine the direction of the cut and the final styling.

The perimeter line is checked with the client's head upright, not tilted, to ensure symmetry.

Layering adds movement and removes weight; it is placed where volume is wanted and avoided where the hair is already fine.

Styling products: mousse for volume, gel for hold, serum for shine and frizz control, and sea-salt spray for texture.

Finishing checks: the cut is balanced on both sides, the neckline is clean, and the client's styling instructions are confirmed.

Tool maintenance: blades are oiled, scissors are sharpened professionally, and cutting tools are never used on anything but hair.

The natural level is the depth of the client's hair; the target level is the desired depth; the difference determines the developer and the lightening needed.

Application order for a full-head colour: mid-lengths and ends first, then the root area, because the scalp heat accelerates processing at the root.

Root retouch application covers only new growth; colour is not pulled through to the ends unless the ends need refreshing.

Highlighting foils are placed in fine, even weaves; the weave size controls the intensity of the highlight.

Colour removal or correction is a separate consultation and is charged separately from a standard colour service.

After-colour care: use a colour-protecting shampoo, avoid heat, and wait 48 hours before shampooing to let the colour settle.

The perm solution is applied to the mid-lengths and ends first, then the root area, to allow even processing.

Processing is checked by unrolling one rod and testing the curl; the rod is re-wound if more processing is needed.

Rinsing after the perm lotion is done with the rods in place, using warm water for at least the manufacturer's stated time.

Relaxer application uses a base cream or protective oil on the scalp and around the hairline before the product is applied.

Smoothing the relaxer with the back of the comb and avoiding the scalp prevents irritation and over-processing.

Post-relaxer care: neutralising shampoo, a protein treatment, and no heat or tight styling for at least a week.

The braid's base is either a cornrow foundation or a natural section; the base determines the style's durability and comfort.

Feed-in (knotless) braids add hair gradually, reducing tension at the root and producing a more natural finish.

Weave closures and frontals cover the leave-out and protect the hairline; they are installed with adhesive, tape, or a sewn-in method.

Extension hair is washed before installation to remove factory coatings, then fully dried.

Client education covers expected wear time, washing method, bedtime routine, and when to book removal.

Signs of scalp infection under a style: pus, severe pain, fever, and spreading redness - the style is removed and the client is referred to a doctor.

A business plan for a salon covers the concept, target market, services and pricing, location, staffing, marketing, and financial projections.

Legal structures include sole trader, partnership, and limited company; each has different liability and tax implications.

Insurance types: public liability, employer's liability, contents and stock, and treatment risk cover for chemical services.

Stock control: par levels, weekly stock counts, supplier lead times, and a purchase order system prevent both stock-outs and dead stock.

Employee motivation: fair pay, training, recognition, and clear progression paths reduce staff turnover, which is a major salon cost.

Customer relations metrics: rebooking rate, referral rate, average ticket, and complaint resolution time.

Professional appearance standards: clean uniform, tied-back hair, minimal jewellery, and good personal hygiene communicate competence to clients.

Verbal and non-verbal consistency: a warm tone with closed body language confuses clients; both must match.

Assertiveness skills help staff decline unsafe requests, such as a relaxer on broken hair, while offering an alternative.

Digital communication with clients is professional and prompt; messages are answered within the salon's stated response time.

Team meetings and handovers communicate client information accurately so the next stylist can continue the service safely.

Career progression in hairdressing runs from assistant to stylist to senior stylist to salon manager or owner, with recognised qualifications at each stage.

The reception desk is the first physical impression; it is kept clear of clutter, with the appointment book, price list, and business cards accessible.

Waiting area standards: clean seating, current magazines, drinking water, and a coat or bag area.

Appointment reminders are sent 24–48 hours before the booking to reduce no-shows.

Client complaints received at reception are logged and passed to the manager with the client's details and the service concerned.

Reception staff must know the service menu, prices, durations, and stylist specialisms to answer questions accurately.

Opening and closing procedures are documented and signed off daily to ensure security, cash handling, and cleanliness.

The consultation room or area is private enough for the client to discuss medical history without being overheard.

The client's hair is assessed dry and then wet, because porosity and elasticity differ between states.

The recommended service is explained with its cost, duration, and maintenance requirements before consent is obtained.

If the client's request is unsafe, the stylist explains why and offers a safe alternative rather than simply refusing.

Records of adverse reactions are kept and shared with the client's doctor if requested and with the client's consent.

Client satisfaction is checked at the end of the service and again at the next visit.

The shampoo bowl is adjusted so the client's neck is supported and not extended backward, preventing neck strain.

Water is tested on the inner wrist before it touches the scalp, and the client is asked to confirm the temperature.

Shampoo is applied to the scalp, not the lengths, and worked through with the fingertips rather than the nails.

Conditioner is applied from mid-length to ends and detangled with a wide-tooth comb before rinsing.

A scalp treatment is massaged in for the manufacturer's stated time and rinsed thoroughly to avoid residue.

The client is asked about scalp sensitivity, recent chemical services, and any medical conditions before the shampoo begins.

Cutting tools are held with a relaxed grip; the scissors are held in the dominant hand and the comb in the other.

The guide is established at the centre back for a solid form and at the front hairline for a fringe or face-framing layer.

The head is positioned upright for most cuts; tilting the head changes the elevation and the resulting line.

The cut is checked by cross-sectioning and by looking at the client from the front, side, and back.

Styling finishes with a cool shot to close the cuticle and set the shape.

The client is shown how to recreate the style at home, including the products and tools used.

The client's skin tone guides colour choice: warm skin tones suit warm colours, cool skin tones suit cool and ash tones.

A patch test is repeated if the client has not had a colour service in the salon for six months or more.

The colour bowl and brush are dedicated to colour and are cleaned after every client.

Gloves are changed between clients and whenever they are torn or contaminated.

Colour is never left on the skin; it is wiped from the hairline and ears immediately after application.

The final result is checked in natural light, and the client is shown the result before leaving the chair.

The rod size and winding pattern are chosen to match the client's desired curl size and the hair's length and density.

The hair is wrapped with end papers and wound under even tension; loose winding produces an uneven curl.

The processing time is timed from the completion of application and is never extended beyond the manufacturer's maximum.

The neutraliser is applied to every rod and left for the full time; the rods are then removed and the hair is rinsed.

The hair is not shampooed for 48 hours after a perm or relaxer to allow the bonds to stabilise.

A follow-up appointment is booked to check the result and recommend aftercare products.

The client's natural hair is assessed for strength and density before a protective style is agreed.

The braid size and style are chosen to suit the client's lifestyle, time, and budget.

The hairline is left with a small margin of loose hair to reduce tension and protect the edges.

The braids are not pulled tight at the root; a small gap at the base allows for movement and reduces traction.

The client is advised to book a takedown appointment at the time of installation.

The scalp is checked at each maintenance visit for redness, bumps, or thinning.

The salon's brand is communicated through its name, logo, interior, and the behaviour of its staff.

Social media marketing is planned, not random; a content calendar keeps posts consistent and on-brand.

Client reviews are monitored and answered; negative reviews are handled publicly with a calm, solution-focused reply.

Staff commission and bonus schemes are linked to measurable targets such as retail sales or rebooking rate.

Supplier relationships are managed with clear terms, timely payment, and regular review of prices and quality.

Financial records are reviewed monthly to spot trends in revenue, costs, and profit.

The salon's code of conduct sets out expected standards of dress, punctuality, client care, and confidentiality.

Bullying and harassment are addressed through the salon's grievance procedure and, where required, external authorities.

Whistleblowing protects staff who report unsafe or unethical practice; the salon has a named person to report to.

Cultural sensitivity: hair care practices differ across cultures, and services are delivered with respect for the client's preferences and beliefs.

Language and literacy skills are used to read product instructions, write client records, and communicate with suppliers.

Numeracy skills are used for mixing ratios, timing, pricing, and cash handling.

A salon's health and safety policy is reviewed at least annually and after any accident or near miss.

Staff receive induction training on hazards, emergency procedures, and safe use of equipment before working unsupervised.

Near misses are recorded and investigated in the same way as accidents, because they reveal uncontrolled hazards.

The salon's insurance requires that safety procedures are followed; failure to do so can invalidate a claim.

Chemical splashes in the eye are irrigated with water for at least 15 minutes and the client or staff member is referred for medical assessment.

Burns from hot tools are cooled under running water for at least 10 minutes and covered with a sterile, non-adhesive dressing.

The appointment book is checked at the start and end of each day for accuracy and completeness.

Double bookings are resolved by contacting the affected client, apologising, and offering an alternative time or stylist.

Client contact details are confirmed at each visit so reminders and follow-ups reach the right person.

The reception area is kept secure; cash is locked away and the till is not left unattended.

Reception staff are trained in the salon's complaint procedure and know when to escalate to the manager.

The salon's opening hours and contact details are displayed clearly and updated online.

The consultation begins with an open question such as 'What would you like to achieve today?' to establish the client's goal.

The stylist repeats the client's request back to confirm understanding before starting the service.

The client's hair is inspected for damage, breakage, and scalp conditions before any product is applied.

The service plan, including products, timing, and cost, is agreed and recorded before the service begins.

The client is informed of any additional charge before the extra service is carried out.

The client's consent is obtained for any photographs taken for the salon's portfolio or social media.

The shampoo is chosen according to the client's scalp type and hair condition, not the salon's stock.

The shampoo is lathered in the palms before being applied to the scalp to distribute it evenly.

The scalp is massaged with the fingertips in small circular movements, working from the hairline to the crown.

The conditioner is applied away from the scalp unless it is a scalp-specific treatment.

The hair is rinsed until the water runs clear, and the client is asked if the scalp feels clean.

The client's scalp and hair are examined after shampooing for any reaction or irritation.

The client's hair is sectioned before cutting to keep the work organised and the lengths consistent.

The scissors are kept sharp and are not used to cut anything other than hair.

The comb is used to control the hair and to check the line of the cut.

The cut is checked by looking at the hair from different angles and in natural light.

The client's hair is blow-dried and styled to check the finished shape before they leave.

The stylist explains the products and techniques used so the client can maintain the style at home.

The colour formula is recorded on the client's record card, including the brand, shade, developer, and timing.

The colour is mixed in a well-ventilated area, and the mixing bowl is labelled with the client's name and formula.

The colour is applied systematically from the back to the front of the head to keep the timing even.

The colour is checked at the stated processing time by wiping a small section with a damp cotton pad.

The colour is rinsed thoroughly before shampooing, and the client's scalp is checked for irritation.

The client is advised to use colour-protecting products and to avoid heat styling for the first week.

The client's hair is shampooed and towel-dried before a perm, and not conditioned, so the lotion can penetrate.

The perm lotion is applied quickly and evenly to all rods to ensure uniform processing.

The processing time is monitored closely, and the client is asked about any scalp discomfort.

The neutraliser is applied carefully to every rod so that all the bonds are rebuilt.

The hair is rinsed thoroughly after neutralising and before the rods are removed.

The client is advised to avoid shampooing, heat styling, and tight hairstyles for 48 hours.

The client's natural hair is cleansed and conditioned before the protective style is installed.

The extension hair is prepared by washing and drying it, and by separating it into even sections.

The braid is started at the scalp with a firm but not tight grip, and the tension is checked with the client.

The braids are finished with a knot or a sewn-in end to secure them.

The client is shown how to care for the style and when to book a takedown appointment.

The scalp is checked for redness, bumps, or tenderness at each maintenance visit.

The salon's prices are reviewed at least annually to reflect increases in rent, wages, and product costs.

The salon's service menu is kept up to date and is displayed clearly for clients.

The salon's social media accounts are managed consistently and reflect the salon's brand and values.

The salon's client database is used to send targeted offers and reminders, with the client's consent.

The salon's staff are trained in customer service and complaint handling.

The salon's financial performance is reviewed monthly against the business plan and budget.

The salon's staff handbook sets out policies on conduct, attendance, and use of social media.

Staff are trained in safeguarding and know how to report concerns about a client's welfare.

Staff are trained in equality and diversity and treat all clients and colleagues with respect.

Staff are encouraged to undertake continuing professional development and to keep a record of their training.

Staff are supported to develop their careers through internal promotion and external training.

Staff are aware of the salon's environmental policy and follow practices to reduce waste and energy use.