Cambodia Pharmacy Exit Exam flashcards
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- t90 shelf life
- The time for a drug product to decline to 90% of its labeled potency. For first-order degradation, t90 = 0.105/k, where k is the degradation rate constant.
- Bioavailability formula
- Absolute bioavailability F equals (AUC oral × dose IV) divided by (AUC IV × dose oral). It quantifies the fraction of an extravascular dose reaching systemic circulation unchanged.
- Zone IVb stability conditions
- Long-term testing at 30 degrees Celsius and 75% relative humidity, applied to hot and humid climatic zones including Cambodia. Accelerated testing uses 40 degrees Celsius and 75% relative humidity for six months.
- Stokes' law sedimentation
- Sedimentation velocity equals d squared times density difference times gravity, divided by 18 times viscosity. Smaller particles and more viscous vehicles slow sedimentation in suspensions.
- Beer-Lambert law
- Absorbance equals molar absorptivity times path length times concentration. Quantitation is reliable between roughly 0.2 and 0.8 absorbance units, where the calibration curve remains linear.
- Chromatographic resolution
- Resolution equals twice the difference in retention times divided by the sum of peak widths. A value of at least 1.5 indicates baseline separation of two adjacent peaks.
- Limit of quantification
- The lowest analyte concentration measurable with acceptable precision and accuracy, calculated as ten times the standard deviation of the response divided by the calibration slope.
- Lipinski rule of five
- Predicts oral absorption: molecular weight at most 500, log P at most 5, no more than 5 hydrogen-bond donors and no more than 10 hydrogen-bond acceptors.
- Artemisinin endoperoxide bridge
- The peroxide bridge in artemisinin from Artemisia annua is essential for antimalarial activity. Semisynthetic derivatives artesunate and artemether improve solubility and absorption.
- Dragendorff reagent test
- A phytochemical screening test producing an orange-red precipitate with alkaloids in acidic extract. It indicates the presence of basic nitrogen-containing secondary metabolites.
- Herbal standardization markers
- Herbal materials are standardized by identity tests, chromatographic fingerprint, assay of a marker compound, and limits for heavy metals, aflatoxins and microbial contamination.
- Competitive antagonist effect
- A competitive antagonist shifts the agonist dose-response curve rightward without reducing maximal effect. Higher agonist concentration can fully overcome the blockade.
- Loading dose calculation
- Loading dose equals volume of distribution times target plasma concentration divided by bioavailability. It rapidly achieves therapeutic concentrations before steady state is reached.
- Narrow therapeutic index drugs
- Drugs such as digoxin, warfarin, lithium, phenytoin and aminoglycosides have small separation between effective and toxic doses and usually require therapeutic drug monitoring.
- CYP450 enzyme inducers
- Rifampicin, carbamazepine, phenytoin and efavirenz increase cytochrome P450 activity, lowering plasma concentrations of co-administered substrates and risking therapeutic failure.
- Type A adverse drug reaction
- A dose-related, predictable reaction extending the drug's known pharmacological action, such as bleeding with warfarin. It is usually managed by dose reduction.
- Naranjo causality scale
- A validated ten-item score classifying adverse drug reaction causality: 9 or more definite, 5 to 8 probable, 1 to 4 possible, and 0 or less doubtful.
- Cockcroft-Gault creatinine clearance
- Estimated clearance equals (140 minus age) times weight, divided by 72 times serum creatinine, multiplied by 0.85 for females. Used to adjust renally cleared drug doses.
- Medication reconciliation
- A structured comparison of a patient's current medicines with newly prescribed orders at admission, transfer and discharge, designed to prevent unintended discrepancies and harm.
- Prescription legal elements
- A valid prescription includes prescriber identity and signature, patient name, drug name, strength, dosage form, quantity, directions and date of issue.
- Look-alike sound-alike drugs
- Medicine names that appear or sound similar, such as Losec and Lasix. Tall-man lettering and physical shelf separation reduce selection and dispensing errors.
- Auxiliary label purpose
- Supplementary label information conveying storage conditions, administration instructions and interaction or food warnings in language the patient can understand.
- Cambodia Law on Drug Management
- The 2007 law regulating drug registration, import and export, licensing, advertising, inspection and pharmacy practice, administered by the Department of Drugs and Food.
- Pharmacist-in-charge requirement
- Cambodian pharmacy premises must have a licensed pharmacist-in-charge physically present for the pharmacy to operate legally and supervise dispensing.
- Good Pharmacy Practice
- WHO and FIP standards covering premises, qualified personnel, equipment, documentation and patient counselling, forming the quality benchmark for pharmacy services.
- Economic order quantity
- EOQ equals the square root of twice annual demand times ordering cost, divided by holding cost per unit. It minimizes total ordering and inventory holding costs.
- ABC inventory analysis
- Classifies stock by annual consumption value. Class A items are about 20% of items but 80% of expenditure and receive the tightest control.
- Incremental cost-effectiveness ratio
- ICER equals the difference in cost between two interventions divided by the difference in health effect. It is compared against a willingness-to-pay threshold.
- Herd immunity threshold
- The proportion of a population that must be immune to interrupt transmission, calculated as 1 minus 1 divided by the basic reproduction number R0.
- Positive predictive value
- The probability that a person with a positive test truly has the disease. Unlike sensitivity, it depends strongly on disease prevalence in the tested population.
- Intention-to-treat analysis
- Analysis of all randomized participants in their assigned groups regardless of adherence. It preserves randomization and avoids attrition bias in clinical trials.
- Number needed to treat
- The reciprocal of the absolute risk reduction. It estimates how many patients must be treated for one additional patient to benefit from the intervention.